scholarly journals Extreme laser pulses for non-thermal fusion ignition of hydrogen–boron for clean and low-cost energy

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Hora ◽  
Shalom Eliezer ◽  
George H. Miley ◽  
JiaXiang Wang ◽  
YanXia Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Local Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Thermal Ignition ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Fusion Ignition ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Energy Gains

AbstractAfter achieving significant research results on laser-driven boron fusion, the essential facts are presented how the classical very low-energy gains of the initially known thermal ignition conditions for fusion of hydrogen (H) with the boron isotope 11 (HB11 fusion) were bridged by nine orders of magnitudes in agreement with experiments. This is possible under extreme non-thermal equilibrium conditions for ignition by >10 PW-ps laser pulses of extreme power and nonlinear conditions. This low-temperature clean and low-cost fusion energy generation is in crucial contrast to local thermal equilibrium conditions with the advantage to avoid the difficulties of the usual problems with extremely high temperatures.

scholarly journals Review about acceleration of plasma by nonlinear forces from picoseond laser pulses and block generated fusion flame in uncompressed fuel

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hora ◽  
G.H. Miley ◽  
K. Flippo ◽  
P. Lalousis ◽  
R. Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Energy ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
State Density ◽  
Thermal Ignition ◽  
Nonlinear Force ◽  
Energy Gains

AbstractIn addition to the matured “laser inertial fusion energy” with spherical compression and thermal ignition of deuterium-tritium (DT), a very new alternative for the fast ignition scheme may have now been opened by using side-on block ignition aiming beyond the DT-fusion with igniting the neutron-free reaction of proton-boron-11 (p-11B). Measurements with laser pulses of terawatt power and ps duration led to the discovery of an anomaly of interaction, if the prepulses are cut off by a factor 108(contrast ratio) to avoid relativistic self focusing in agreement with preceding computations. Applying this to petawatt (PW) pulses for Bobin-Chu conditions of side-on ignition of solid fusion fuel results after several improvements in energy gains of 10,000. This is in contrast to the impossible laser-ignition of p-11B by the usual spherical compression and thermal ignition. The side-on ignition is less than ten times only more difficult than for DT ignition. This is essentially based on the instant and direct conversion the optical laser energy by the nonlinear force into extremely high plasma acceleration. Genuine two-fluid hydrodynamic computations for DT are presented showing details how ps laser pulses generate a fusion flame in solid state density with an increase of the density in the thin flame region. Densities four times higher are produced automatically confirming a Rankine-Hugoniot shock wave process with an increasing thickness of the shock up to the nanosecond range and a shock velocity of 1500 km/s which is characteristic for these reactions.

scholarly journals Fusion energy using avalanche increased boron reactions for block-ignition by ultrahigh power picosecond laser pulses

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Hora ◽  
Georg Korn ◽  
Lorenzo Giuffrida ◽  
Daniele Margarone ◽  
Antonino Picciotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Picosecond Laser ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Boron Isotope ◽  
Fusion Reactions ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Picosecond Laser Pulses

AbstractExceptionally high reaction gains of hydrogen protons measured with the boron isotope 11 are compared with other fusion reactions. This is leading to the conclusion that secondary avalanche reactions are happening and confirming the results of high-gain, neutron-free, clean, safe, low-cost, and long-term available energy. The essential basis is the unusual non-thermal block-ignition scheme with picosecond laser pulses of extremely high powers above the petawatt range.

Possibility for Gaining Nuclear Energy Without Radioactivity by Laser Driven Block Ignition of Solid Density Hydrogen Boron

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrich Hora ◽  
George H. Miley
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Self Focusing ◽  
Solid Density ◽  
Solid Fusion ◽  
Burning Coal ◽  
Energy Gains ◽  
Transport Problems

In addition to the matured “Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE)” with spherical compression of deuterium-tritium (DT) for a pure fusion engine or for fusion-fission-hybrid operation, a very new scheme may have now been opened by igniting the neutron-free reaction of proton-boron-11 (p-11B) using side-on block ignition. Laser pulses of several petawatt power and ps duration led to the discovery of an anomaly of interaction, if the prepulses are cut off by a factor 108 (contrast ratio) to avoid relativistic self focusing. In this case the Bobin-Chu conditions of side-on ignition of solid fusion fuel can be applied after several improvements leading to energy gains of 10,000 similar to the Nuckolls-Wood ignition with extremely intense 5 MeV electron beams. In contrast to the impossible laser-ignition of p-11B by the usual spherical compression, the side-on ignition is less than ten times only more difficult of DT ignition. This p-11B fusion produces less radioactivity per gained energy than burning coal. After encouraging success with computations based on the different nuclear cross sections, next steps are focusing on stability and transport problems.

Measuring the Thermal De-Broglie Wavelength in Laser-produced Plasma of different Samples of Writing Inks Elements Using LIBS Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdullah Jasim ◽  
Dr. Sami Abd Al-Hussein Hatif ◽  
Dr. Alaa Hussein Ali
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Local Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Plasma Spectroscopy ◽  
Pulse Time ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Breakdown Spectroscopy ◽  
De Broglie Wavelength ◽  
Model View ◽  
Detector Model

In this paper, the technique of laser pulse breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) under the influence of the pulse Nd:YAG laser of 1064nm wavelength and with a pulse time of 10ns was used on different samples of writing ink models. In this work, the de-Broglie wavelength was measured. After calculating the electron temperature and assuming the local thermal equilibrium conditions (LTE), and using a spectral detector model (View spectra 2100) within the spectral range (200nm-900nm), the results after performing the analysis showed differences in the D-Broglie thermal wavelength of the plasma. The formation and temperature of the electron, which can be applied in plasma spectroscopy processes in many sciences, including the field of forensic evidence, to detect forgery in documents and documents.

scholarly journals A Survey on Deep Learning Based Methods and Datasets for Monocular 3D Object Detection

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Seong-heum Kim ◽  
Youngbae Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Object Detection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Future Research ◽  
3D Object ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Depth Sensors ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
3D Object Detection

Owing to recent advancements in deep learning methods and relevant databases, it is becoming increasingly easier to recognize 3D objects using only RGB images from single viewpoints. This study investigates the major breakthroughs and current progress in deep learning-based monocular 3D object detection. For relatively low-cost data acquisition systems without depth sensors or cameras at multiple viewpoints, we first consider existing databases with 2D RGB photos and their relevant attributes. Based on this simple sensor modality for practical applications, deep learning-based monocular 3D object detection methods that overcome significant research challenges are categorized and summarized. We present the key concepts and detailed descriptions of representative single-stage and multiple-stage detection solutions. In addition, we discuss the effectiveness of the detection models on their baseline benchmarks. Finally, we explore several directions for future research on monocular 3D object detection.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Reaction Conditions for the Formation of Fumarate via Trans-Hydrogenation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Wienands ◽  
Franziska Theiß ◽  
James Eills ◽  
Lorenz Rösler ◽  
Stephan Knecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Metabolic Imaging ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Precursor Molecule ◽  
Solution Preparation

AbstractParahydrogen-induced polarization is a hyperpolarization method for enhancing nuclear magnetic resonance signals by chemical reactions/interactions involving the para spin isomer of hydrogen gas. This method has allowed for biomolecules to be hyperpolarized to such a level that they can be used for real time in vivo metabolic imaging. One particularly promising example is fumarate, which can be rapidly and efficiently hyperpolarized at low cost by hydrogenating an acetylene dicarboxylate precursor molecule using parahydrogen. The reaction is relatively slow compared to the timescale on which the hyperpolarization relaxes back to thermal equilibrium, and an undesirable 2nd hydrogenation step can convert the fumarate into succinate. To date, the hydrogenation chemistry has not been thoroughly investigated, so previous work has been inconsistent in the chosen reaction conditions in the search for ever-higher reaction rate and yield. In this work we investigate the solution preparation protocols and the reaction conditions on the rate and yield of fumarate formation. We report conditions to reproducibly yield over 100 mM fumarate on a short timescale, and discuss aspects of the protocol that hinder the formation of fumarate or lead to irreproducible results. We also provide experimental procedures and recommendations for performing reproducible kinetics experiments in which hydrogen gas is repeatedly bubbled into an aqueous solution, overcoming challenges related to the viscosity and surface tension of the water.

2D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials for nonlinear optics

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1787-1810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Han ◽  
Yongshen Zheng ◽  
Siqian Chai ◽  
Songhua Chen ◽  
Jialiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Photon Absorption ◽  
Saturable Absorption ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Inorganic Hybrid ◽  
Quantum Well Structures

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites feature characteristics of inherent quantum-well structures and intriguing optoelectronic properties, and have therefore attracted enormous research attention for their optical applications in light emitting, sensing, modulation, and telecommunication devices. The low-cost and solution-processed fabrications as well as alternative organic spacer cations endue 2D hybrid perovskites with higher tunability in optical and photonic applications. In particular, they demonstrate distinguished nonlinear optical characters such as second-harmonic generation (SHG), two-photon absorption (2PA), and saturable absorption (SA) under the excitation of laser pulses. Here, we discuss the construction of the various sorts of 2D hybrid perovskites with different structural features. We have also highlighted some representative properties and applications of these 2D hybrid perovskites in both linear and nonlinear optical regimes.

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