scholarly journals Review about acceleration of plasma by nonlinear forces from picoseond laser pulses and block generated fusion flame in uncompressed fuel

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hora ◽  
G.H. Miley ◽  
K. Flippo ◽  
P. Lalousis ◽  
R. Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Energy ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
State Density ◽  
Thermal Ignition ◽  
Nonlinear Force ◽  
Energy Gains

AbstractIn addition to the matured “laser inertial fusion energy” with spherical compression and thermal ignition of deuterium-tritium (DT), a very new alternative for the fast ignition scheme may have now been opened by using side-on block ignition aiming beyond the DT-fusion with igniting the neutron-free reaction of proton-boron-11 (p-11B). Measurements with laser pulses of terawatt power and ps duration led to the discovery of an anomaly of interaction, if the prepulses are cut off by a factor 108(contrast ratio) to avoid relativistic self focusing in agreement with preceding computations. Applying this to petawatt (PW) pulses for Bobin-Chu conditions of side-on ignition of solid fusion fuel results after several improvements in energy gains of 10,000. This is in contrast to the impossible laser-ignition of p-11B by the usual spherical compression and thermal ignition. The side-on ignition is less than ten times only more difficult than for DT ignition. This is essentially based on the instant and direct conversion the optical laser energy by the nonlinear force into extremely high plasma acceleration. Genuine two-fluid hydrodynamic computations for DT are presented showing details how ps laser pulses generate a fusion flame in solid state density with an increase of the density in the thin flame region. Densities four times higher are produced automatically confirming a Rankine-Hugoniot shock wave process with an increasing thickness of the shock up to the nanosecond range and a shock velocity of 1500 km/s which is characteristic for these reactions.

Alternative Laser Driven Fusion Reactions for Nuclear Energy Without Radioactivity

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ghoranneviss ◽  
Babak Malekynia ◽  
Nader Azizi ◽  
Henrich Hora ◽  
George H. Miley
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Ponderomotive Force ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
State Density ◽  
Helium Isotope ◽  
Fusion Reactions ◽  
Solid Density ◽  
Radioactive Radiation

Following the first result of generating nuclear fusion energy without dangerous radioactive radiation by laser ignition of the proton-11Boron reaction (HB11), we applied this method to evaluate other fusion reactions with no primary neutron production as the proton-7Lithium reaction (HLi7) and of the burning of solid density helium isotope 3He (He3-He3). The new method is a combination of now available laser pulses of 10 petawatt (PW) power and duration in the range of picoseconds (ps) or less. The new mechanism follows the initial theory of Chu and of Bobin for side-on ignition of solid state density fusion fuel developed in about 1972 where some later known physics phenomena had to be added. The essential innovation is the use of the discovery of a predicted anomaly when the mentioned laser pulses are sufficiently clean, i.e. free from prepulses by at least a contrast ratio 108 where acceleration by the nonlinear (ponderomotive) force is dominating.

scholarly journals Fusion energy from plasma block ignition

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. HORA ◽  
J. BADZIAK ◽  
S. GLOWACZ ◽  
S. JABLONSKI ◽  
Z. SKLADANOWSKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
High Gain ◽  
Skin Layer ◽  
State Density ◽  
Hydrodynamic Theory ◽  
Ponderomotive Forces

Generation of high speed dense plasma blocks is well known from hydrodynamic theory and computations (PIC) with experimental confirmation by Badziaket al.(2005) since ps laser pulses with power above TW are available. These blocks may be used for fusion flame generation (thermonuclear propagation) in uncompressed solid state deuterium and tritium for very high gain uncomplicated operation in power stations. Hydrodynamic theory from computations from the end of 1970s to recent, genuine two fluid computations support the skin layer accelerations (SLA), by nonlinear (ponderomotive) forces as measured now in details under the uniquely selected conditions to suppress relativistic self-focusing by high contrast ratio and to keep plane geometry interaction. It is shown how the now available PW-ps laser pulses may provide the very extreme conditions for generating the fusion flames in solid state density DT.

scholarly journals Inhibition factor reduces fast ignition threshold for laser fusion using nonlinear force driven block acceleration

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ghoranneviss ◽  
B. Malekynia ◽  
H. Hora ◽  
G.H. Miley ◽  
X. He
Keyword(s):  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fast Ignition ◽  
State Density ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Laser Fusion ◽  
Inhibition Factor ◽  
Ignition Threshold ◽  
Nonlinear Force

AbstractFast ignition for fusion energy by using petawatt-picosecond (PW-ps) laser pulses was modified due to an anomaly based on extremely clean suppression of prepulses. The resulting plasma blocks with space charge neutral ion current densities above 1011Amp/cm2may be used to ignite deuterium-tritium at densities at or little above solid state density. The difficulty is to produce extremely high energy flux densities of the blocks. Results are reported how the threshold can be reduced by a factor up to fife if the inhibition factor for thermal conductivity due to electric double layers is included in the hydrodynamic analysis.

scholarly journals Laser fusion with nonlinear force driven plasma blocks: Thresholds and dielectric effects

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hora
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Picosecond Laser ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
State Density ◽  
Alpha Particles ◽  
Collective Effects ◽  
Laser Fusion ◽  
Nonlinear Force ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Energy Flux Density

AbstractAnomalous interaction of picosecond laser pulses of terawatt to petawatt power is due to suppression of relativistic self-focusing if prepulses are cut-off by a contrast ratio higher than 108, resulting in quasi-neutral directed plasma blocks with deuterium tritium ion current densities above 1011A/cm2. This is still not high enough for ignition of solid-state density deuterium tritium because the energy flux densityE* has to be higher than the threshold of 4 ×108J/cm2obtained within the theory of Chu (1972). A revision of this evaluation shows a reduction of this threshold by a factor 20 if the later discovered inhibition factors for thermal conduction because of double layer effects as well as the shorter stopping lengths of the alpha particles due to collective effects are taken into account. Under these relaxed conditions, the parameters of nonlinear force generated blocks of dielectrically increased thickness for deuterium tritium ignition with directed ions of energies near the 80 keV resonances are discussed.

scholarly journals Extreme laser pulses for non-thermal fusion ignition of hydrogen–boron for clean and low-cost energy

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Hora ◽  
Shalom Eliezer ◽  
George H. Miley ◽  
JiaXiang Wang ◽  
YanXia Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Local Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Thermal Ignition ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Fusion Ignition ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Energy Gains

AbstractAfter achieving significant research results on laser-driven boron fusion, the essential facts are presented how the classical very low-energy gains of the initially known thermal ignition conditions for fusion of hydrogen (H) with the boron isotope 11 (HB11 fusion) were bridged by nine orders of magnitudes in agreement with experiments. This is possible under extreme non-thermal equilibrium conditions for ignition by >10 PW-ps laser pulses of extreme power and nonlinear conditions. This low-temperature clean and low-cost fusion energy generation is in crucial contrast to local thermal equilibrium conditions with the advantage to avoid the difficulties of the usual problems with extremely high temperatures.

Possibility for Gaining Nuclear Energy Without Radioactivity by Laser Driven Block Ignition of Solid Density Hydrogen Boron

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrich Hora ◽  
George H. Miley
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Self Focusing ◽  
Solid Density ◽  
Solid Fusion ◽  
Burning Coal ◽  
Energy Gains ◽  
Transport Problems

In addition to the matured “Laser Inertial Fusion Energy (LIFE)” with spherical compression of deuterium-tritium (DT) for a pure fusion engine or for fusion-fission-hybrid operation, a very new scheme may have now been opened by igniting the neutron-free reaction of proton-boron-11 (p-11B) using side-on block ignition. Laser pulses of several petawatt power and ps duration led to the discovery of an anomaly of interaction, if the prepulses are cut off by a factor 108 (contrast ratio) to avoid relativistic self focusing. In this case the Bobin-Chu conditions of side-on ignition of solid fusion fuel can be applied after several improvements leading to energy gains of 10,000 similar to the Nuckolls-Wood ignition with extremely intense 5 MeV electron beams. In contrast to the impossible laser-ignition of p-11B by the usual spherical compression, the side-on ignition is less than ten times only more difficult of DT ignition. This p-11B fusion produces less radioactivity per gained energy than burning coal. After encouraging success with computations based on the different nuclear cross sections, next steps are focusing on stability and transport problems.

scholarly journals Application of picosecond terawatt laser pulses for fast ignition of fusion

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hora ◽  
G.H. Miley ◽  
M. Ghoranneviss ◽  
A. Salar Elahi
Keyword(s):  
Laser Energy ◽  
Basic Result ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Picosecond Laser ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Fast Ignition ◽  
Plasma Properties ◽  
Ponderomotive Forces ◽  
Nonlinear Force ◽  
Terawatt Laser

AbstractIn this research, we presented the application of picosecond terawatt laser pulses for ultrahigh acceleration of plasma blocks for fast ignition of fusion. Ultrahigh acceleration of plasma blocks after irradiation of picosecond laser pulses of around terawatt power in the range of 1020 cm/s2was discovered by Sauerbrey (1996) as measured by Doppler effect where the laser intensity was up to about 1018W/cm2. This is several orders of magnitude higher than acceleration by irradiation based on thermal interaction of lasers has produced. This ultrahigh acceleration resulted from hydrodynamic computations at plane target interaction in 1978 at comparable conditions where the interaction was dominated by the nonlinear (generalized ponderomotive) forces where the laser energy was instantly converted into plasma motion in contrast to slow and delayed thermal collision processes. After clarifying this basic result, the application of the plasma blocks for side-on ignition of solid density or modestly compressed fusion fuel following the theory of Chu (1971) is updated in view of later discovered plasma properties and the ignition of deuterium tritium and of proton-11B appeared possible for a dozen of PW-PS laser pulses if an extremely high contrast ratio avoided relativistic self-focusing. A re-evaluation of more recent experiment confirms the acceleration by the nonlinear force, and the generation of the fusion flame with properties of Rankine-Hugoniot shocks is reported.

scholarly journals Layers from initial Rayleigh density profiles by directed nonlinear force driven plasma blocks for alternative fast ignition

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Yazdani ◽  
Y. Cang ◽  
R. Sadighi-Bonabi ◽  
H. Hora ◽  
F. Osman
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Model ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Fast Ignition ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Nonlinear Force ◽  
Two Fluid Model ◽  
New Phenomena

AbstractMeasurement of extremely new phenomena during the interaction of laser pulses with terawatt and higher power and picoseconds with plasmas arrived at drastically different anomalies in contrast to the usual observations if the laser pulses were very clean with a contrast ratio higher than 108. This was guaranteed by the suppression of prepulses during less than dozens of ps before the arrival of the main pulse resulting in the suppression of relativistic self-focusing. This anomaly was confirmed in many experimental details, and explained and numerically reproduced as a nonlinear force acceleration of skin layers generating quasi-neutral plasma blocks with ion current densities above 1011A/cm2. This may support the requirement to produce a fast ignition deuterium tritium fusion at densities not much higher than the solid state by a single shot PW-ps laser pulse. With the aim to achieve separately studied ignition conditions, we are studying numerically how the necessary nonlinear force accelerated plasma blocks may reach the highest possible thickness by using optimized dielectric properties of the irradiated plasma. The use of double Rayleigh initial density profiles results in many wavelength thick low reflectivity directed plasma blocks of modest temperatures. Results of computations with the genuine two-fluid model are presented.

scholarly journals Laser fusion energy from p-7Li with minimized radioactivity

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ghoranneviss ◽  
A. Salar Elahi ◽  
H. Hora ◽  
G.H. Miley ◽  
B. Malekynia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fusion Energy ◽  
Contrast Ratio ◽  
Picosecond Laser ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Laser Ignition ◽  
Laser Fusion ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Solid Deuterium ◽  
Very High

AbstractThe new possibility of side-on laser ignition of p-11B with negligible radioactivity encouraged to study the fusion of solid state p-7Li fuel that again turns out to be only about 10 times more difficult than the side-on ignition of solid deuterium-tritium using petawatt-picosecond laser pulses at anomalous interaction conditions if very high contrast ratio. Updated cross sections of the nuclear reaction are included.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Lead Oxide Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation as Antibacterial Agent

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-807
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Lead Oxide ◽  
Laser Energy ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Lead Target ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

In this work, lead oxide nanoparticles were prepared by laser ablation of lead target immersed in deionized water by using pulsed Nd:YAG laser with laser energy 400 mJ/pulse and different laser pulses. The chemical bonding of lead oxide nps was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR); surface morphology and optical properties were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy respectively, and the size effect of lead oxide nanoparticles was studied on its antibacterial action against two types of bacteria Gram-negitive (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcusaurus) by diffusion method. The antibacterial property results show that the antibacterial activity of the Lead oxide NPs was inversely proportional to the size of the nanoparticles in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive, and also it has been found that Gram-positive bacteria possess have greater sensitivity and less resistance to the lead oxide nanoparticles compared with Gram-negative bacteria.

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