3.2 Utilization of Conserved Forages

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Feeding Costs ◽  
Ad Libitum

From the late autumn until the spring, a large proportion of the ruminant livestock in the United Kingdom, dairy cows especially, are housed indoors or sheltered and given rations of hay or silage ad libitum with supplementary feeds to provide additional energy and protein. During this period, feeding costs form the major portion of the total cost of meat and milk production and decisions about the type and quality of the conserved forage and about the amount and composition of the concentrate are of crucial economic importance. Against this background, this paper discusses the utilization of forage crude protein and considers in particular the factors influencing the supply of amino acids absorbed from the animal's gut and the implications of the use of supplementary concentrate feeds.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pemberian Ransum dengan Kualitas Berbeda Terhadap Profil Darah, Produksi Susu dan Pertambahan Bobot Badan Sapi Perah

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aqni Hanifa
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Hb Concentration

<div class="Section1"><p class="Style1"><em>An experiment was conducted to study blood profile, milk yield and </em><em>liveweight gain of dairy cows as affected by dietary different quality of diets. The </em><em>experiment used </em><em>15 </em><em>lactating PFH were assigned into three treatments of diets and</em></p></div><em><br clear="all" /> </em><p class="Style1"><em> </em><em>five replication, three treatments of diets were </em><em>: </em><em>1) T1 (CP </em><em>12% dan TDN 65%); 2) T2 (CP 14% dan TDN 70%) dan 3) T3 (CP 16% dan TDN 75%).</em></p><p class="Style1"><em>The results of this experiment showed that the average of dry matter (DM) intake on Tl, T2 and T3 treatments were </em><em>8,59; </em><em>10,03 and </em><em>10,94 </em><em>kg/d, respectively </em><em>(P&lt;0,01). The average of crude protein intake (CP) on T1, </em><em>T2 and T3 treatments were 1,06; 1,44 and 1,71 kg/d (P&lt;0,01), also the average of TDN intake on T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 5,52; 6,86 and 8,02 kg/d (P&lt;0,01). The average of Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration on T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 10,21: 11,18 and 10,44 g/dl (P&gt;0,05), also the average of eritrosit value on TI, T2 and T3 treatments were 3,37; 3,73 and 3,48 million/mm<sup>3;</sup>, respectively (P&gt;0,05). The average of milk yield on T1, T2 and T3 treatments were 8,12; 11,29 and 13,42 l/d (P&lt;0,05). The average of liveweight gain on TI, T2 and T3 treatments were 81,66; 117,71 and 320,00 g/d (P&gt;0,05). </em></p><p class="Style1"><em>The conclusions of this research was the highest level of CP and </em><em>"1'DN </em><em>in </em><em>diets (CP 16% and </em><em>TDN 75%) showed that feed intake (DM, CP and TDN) and milk yield gave the best than other treatments. Different dietary quality of diets altered significant on feed intake (DM, CP and TDN) and milk yield, but the treatments did not affect on liveweight gain, Fib and eritrosit concentration.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><em>Key words :     diets quality, feed intake, blood profile, milk yield, liveweight gain, dairy cows</em>

Effect of offering three amounts of maize stover to dairy cows on intake and selection

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J. N. Methu ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
A. Abate ◽  
M. Scarr ◽  
J. Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Maize Stover ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Several studies with barley straw (e.g. Wahed et al, 1990) and sorghum stover (e.g. Osafo, 1993) have shown improvements in intake with increasing ‘ad libitum’ amounts offered. Furthermore, these studies have demonstrated that sheep and goats offered barley straw or sorghum stover in long, unprocessed form, increase intake by selecting for leaf and leaf sheath, and against stem. This phenomenon offers a simple feeding strategy to use selective feeding behaviour to improve intake and hence production. The aim of the present experiment was to study the effect of offering increasing amounts of long maize stover on intake and selection by dairy cows.Six, early- to mid-lactation Ayrshire and Friesian cows (live weight, M, 430 kg) were used in a double 3x3 Latin square design with 24-day (d) feeding periods. Cows were offered long (unchopped) maize stover at low, medium or high ‘ad libitum’ rates, i.e. 31, 59 or 87 g dry matter (DM)/kg M.d. Cows also received 3.2 kg DM/d of cotton seed cake (339 g/kg DM crude protein) in two meals at milking (0700 h and 1800 h). Stover was offered in one meal daily, at 0700 h, after collecting refusals from the previous day. Amounts of stover offered and refused were weighed daily. Samples of offered stover (0.5 kg) and refused stover (0.5 kg) were analysed for DM daily. All refused stover and 4.0 kg samples of offered stover were botanically fractionated, daily, into stem (S), leaf (L), sheath (Sh) and husk (H). Milk yield was recorded daily and cows weighed at the start and end of each period.

Effects of shade on some factors influencing nutritive quality of green panic and Siratro pastures

1982 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 937 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wilson ◽  
CC Wong
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Nutritive Quality ◽  
Herbage Quality

The effect of illumination at 100, 60 and 40% sunlight over 4 months on herbage quality was studied in the legume, Siratro, and the grass, green panic, grown in small plots in the field in pure and 50 : 50 mixture swards, defoliated every 4 (D4) or 8 (D8) weeks. Laminae and stems of defined ages were harvested periodically from the D8 treatment, and after 8 and 16 weeks the D4 and D8 canopies were sampled in 10-cm strata for analysis of dry matter digestibility (DMD). Shading to 60 and 40% sunlight decreased the DMD of the green panic and the mixed swards by up to 10-12 percentage units in the D8 treatment. The shade effect on DMD was smaller in the D4 treatment. Shading increased leaf bulk density in the upper strata of the grass and mixed swards. The shade effect on sward DMD was due to a decrease in DMD of lamina and stem of green panic and, in the lower canopy, also to a decrease in leaf : stem ratio of the grass. The lower DMD of green panic was associated with lower total soluble carbohydrate and higher lignin in the shaded tissues. The concurrent decrease in cell wall content of green panic under shade (as a balance to higher crude protein) indicates that shade must have greatly reduced the digestibility of the cell wall material. The chemical composition and DMD of Siratro was largely unaffected by shade.

Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 85-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

EFFECT OF RAPESEED MEAL AND UREA ON AD LIBITUM CONSUMPTION OF GRAIN RATIONS BY DAIRY COWS

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Ingalls ◽  
M. E. Seale ◽  
J. A. McKirdy
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Total Crude Protein

Three experiments were conducted with dairy cows to determine the effects of rapeseed meal and/or urea upon ad libitum consumption of grain rations. In corn, corn–barley and barley-oat basal rations, replacement of soybean meal (10%) by rapeseed meal (12–13%) resulted in a decrease in grain intake. Substitution of 1.4% or 1.6% urea (22% or 19% of the total crude protein intake) for soybean meal also resulted in decreased ad libitum grain consumption. A combination of rapeseed meal (6%) and urea (08%) was comparable to 12% rapeseed meal in effect upon consumption but less marked than 1.6% urea. No rations containing rapeseed meal had significant effects upon milk composition or production. In one experiment, a significant decrease in production occurred through including 1.6% urea in the grain ration.

Relationship between dietary protein, mohair fibre and carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of angora goats

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 160-160
Author(s):  
H Galbraith ◽  
J J Baloyi ◽  
J R Scaife
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Angora Goats

There is a developing interest in the use of fibre-producing goats in the United Kingdom. Information on nutritional requirements under UK conditions and for different genotypes of goats is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate further the role of dietary protein in determining the yield and quality of (a) mohair Fibre and (b) meat with emphasis on fat composition in Angora goats.Ten Texan cross male castrate Angora goats aged about 10 months and weighing 21.6 kg initially were used. They were individually penned and allocated to good quality diets containing (per kg dry matter (DM)) approximately 10 MJ metabolisable energy and either 110 (LP) or 178 (HP) g crude protein. The diets were restricted to intakes of 37 g/kg liveweight (LW) and the study lasted for 70 days. The goats were weighed weekly and food intake was recorded daily. Blood samples were collected pre-feeding by jugular venepuncture at approximately 0900 hrs on day 0, 35 and 70 and at 07.30,09.00,10.30,12.00 and 13.00 hrs on day 63.

The response by high genetic merit dairy cows to source and concentration of protein in the concentrate

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
I.M. Carrick ◽  
D.C. Patterson ◽  
F.J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ruminant Diets ◽  
Feed Utilisation ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Dairy cow genetic merit continues to increase in the dairy herd. These animals require a higher level of nutritional input than lower genetic merit cows if higher performance levels are to be sustained. The high cost of ingredients for ruminant diets highlights the need for greater precision in ration formulation in order to improve the efficiency of feed utilisation. This experiment was carried out to assess the effect of DUP supplementation on the performance of dairy cows with ad libitum access to grass silage.An experiment was conducted to investigate the response by high genetic merit Holstein Friesian dairy cows (PTA90 fat plus protein = 61 kg) to both source and concentration of protein in the concentrate, given in addition to ad libitum grass silage (metabolisable energy (ME) = 10.9 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP) = 166 g/kg DM). Twenty-four cows, including 12 first parity animals (mean days calved 37.5, s.d. 22.3), were blocked according to milk yield, calving date and parity. The experimental design was a balanced changeover with four 4-week periods.

Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

The effect of silage preference on the performance of dairy cows

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 7-7
Author(s):  
R.F. Heller ◽  
R.H. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Young Stock ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Present Trial

Numerous factors such as the digestibility value, fermentation characteristics and chop length of silage have all been shown to increase the intake and performance of dairy cows.Although the effect of silage preference has been examined with young stock and dry cows there has only been a limited number of studies involving lactating cows.The aim of the present trial was to determine the effect on intake and performance of lactating dairy cows offered either grass silage alone, a mixture of grass and maize silages blended in a ratio of 1:2 or a free choice of grass and maize silages.Thirty-three British Friesians in weeks 17-24 of lactation were used in the study. All animals received 6 kg/d of a concentrate supplement containing 190 g/kg DM of crude protein and 12.8 MJ ME/kg CM and allowed ad libitum access to the silages.

The effect of protein content of the supplement on the response to level of supplementation with dairy cattle offered grass silage ad libitum

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 43-43
Author(s):  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels

Previous studies at this Institute have shown that there is an interaction between level of supplementary feeding and protein content in the supplement. For example, a given milk yield can be obtained by offering supplements of high crude protein content at much lower levels than would be required with conventional supplements. Furthermore, this approach enables a greater reliance on the forage component of the diet, particularly where high quality grass silage is available. The objective of the present large scale study was to determine milk production responses to supplements of differing protein content, given with high quality grass silage, and to examine effects on ration digestibility.The experiment was carried out over a two year period, with a total of 168 autumn-calving British Friesian dairy cows. Supplements containing either 100, 220, 340 or 460 g crude protein (CP)/kg fresh weight were offered from day 14 of lactation. Each supplement was offered at four levels, with 9 animals per treatment.

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