The effect of wet-salting preservation method on the physicochemical and microbial quality of Dasyatis sp.

Microbial Dasyatis sp. (stingray fish) was a popular fish in Indonesia. Commonly, this fish is processed into smoked fish and perishable products. Therefore, it needs a preservation method through the handling process. Wet salting was considered as an efficient and inexpensive preservation method. This study aimed to determine the effect of brine concentration on the physicochemical and microbial quality of Dasyatis sp. The research used a Completely Randomized Design with factor of brine concentration (i.e. 10%, 20% and 30%). The statistical analysis consists of variance analysis (ANOVA) and followed by LSD or DMRT test (α=5%). The fish sample was soaked in brine solution at different concentrations for one hour. Total crude protein, physicochemical (total volatile basic nitrogen/TVB-N, tri-methyl amine/TMA, and pH), and (total plate count/TPC) were analyzed. The results showed that the brine concentration effect of physicochemical and microbiological of Dasyatis sp (p<0.05). The best treatment was obtained at the application of 10% brine concentration, which had physicochemical parameters as follows: 6.92 pH, 6.110 mgN/100g TVB-N, 5.520 mgN/100g TMA, 16.78 % protein, and 0.537x105 CFU/ml TPC.

Effect of treatment with sunflower oil and in combination with pomegranate and plum sauce on the chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of marinated Carp fillets (Cyprinus carpio)

ABSTRACT: The effect of sunflower oil (SO), sunflower oil-pomegranate sauce (PS1) and sunflower oil-plum sauce (PS2) on shelf life of marinated carp fillets was investigated in terms of sensory evaluation, chemical (peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids (FFA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH), and microbiological properties (Total viable count (TVC), Escherichia coli, Total coliform, Staphylococci/Micrococci, Salmonella spp.) during 30 days of storage. Proximate composition, which includes total crude protein%, fat%, moisture% and ash% of fresh carp fillets before marination process was analyzed and found 18.69±0.86, 4.08±0.19, 74.33±0.63 and 2.17±0.45, respectively. Sensory evaluation analysis showed that total appearance, odor-taste and texture scores decreased during storage. TVB-N significantly increased in all group after 1 month of storage (P<0.05). At the end of storage, the lowest TBA value (1.38 mg MA/kg carp fillet) was determined in the PS1 group. During storage, the highest POV value was observed in the control group (8.49 mEq O2/kg) compared to other groups. Initial TVC of 1.5 log CFU/g, 1.7 log CFU/g and 1.8 log CFU/g increased to 3.7 log CFU/g, 2.9 log CFU/g and 3.2 log CFU/g in SO, PS1 and PS2 groups, respectively. Results showed that the shelf life of marinated carp fillets treated with sunflower oil and in combination with pomegranate and plum sauce was more than 1 month.

Effect of brine time on quality of wet-salted fish

Stingrays or Dasyatis sp. was one kind of fishery commodities. This product was perishable, so it required careful handling through the handling process. Fish preservation was an alternative that can be applied. This study aimed to protect the fresh fish quality throughout the handling process before it was processed further. This research method used the wet-salting method. The principle of this method was to keep the product for a long time in brine for 0h (control/fresh fish), 1h, 2h, and 3h. The analysis achieve was TVB-N, TMA, TPC, total crude protein, and pH. The effect of time in brine on the result showed significant variation with p-value < 0.05. pH value was significantly correlated with TVB-N and total protein, while, TPC was significantly correlated with total crude protein. These conclusions, the fish product for 1h in brine was the best treatment.

Nitrogen application improved the growth and yield performance of sweetpotato (lpomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)

Nitrogen is one of the most critical nutrients affecting sweetpotato yield. This study was conducted to 1) evaluate the growth and yield response of sweetpotato NSIC SP 33 to different levels of N; and 2) determine the relationship between N level and root yield. A screenhouse experiment laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was carried out using five (5) N levels: 0,40, 80, 120 and 160kg ha-1, each replicated thrice.Thetotal amount of N (as urea) was applied twice, one-half at planting and the other half at six weeks after planting (6 WAP) along with a blanket application of solophos and muriate of potash at 40 and 60kg ha-1 P2O5and K2O. An alluvial Umingan sandy loam soil (lnceptisol) was used as medium. Levels of N significantly increased the leaf area, fresh herbage, total root yield, biomass, dry matter yield, shoot-root ratio, weight and number of marketable roots. Harvest index (HI) of plants applied with 40 and 80kg N ha-1 were comparable to those applied with 0 N. Increasing levels of N from 0 to 1 60kg ha-1 resulted in higher total crude protein (CP) and total N in the leaves. N uptake was higher in N-applied plants. Application of 40 and 80kg ha-1 N produced the highest root yield, above which root yield declined. Relationship between N level and root yield developed through regression analysis showed a quadratic function of Y=111.1794+1.2098x-0.00897x2 and R-square of 0.9904 which suggest that inherent soil N affected root development.

The effect of laundry grey water irrigation on the growth response of selected local bean species in Nigeria

This study examined the growth responses of some selected local bean (pulses) varieties in Nigeria; Vigna unguiculata (Ife brown), Vigna unguiculata (Ekpoma Local), Phaseolus vulgaris, Cajanus cajan and Glycine max, cultivated on soil irrigated with laundry-based grey water. Healthy seeds of all bean species were sown in plastic bowls of three replicates each and irrigated daily with similar quantities of the respective grey water. The effect of the grey water on the germination, growth and yield of all the beans was observed for a period of four months. The result obtained revealed that grey water had a negative effect on the growth and yield of all the beans as there was a decrease in the percentage emergence of all seedlings, height of emergent seedlings and number of flowers and pods produced. Grey water also altered the chlorophyll content and total crude protein of all the beans subjected to the treatment. The effect of grey water on plant is as a result of accumulation of excess salts contained in grey water on the soil.

STUDY ON ENERGY AND PROTEIN DISTRIBUTION FOR EGG MASS PRODUCTION IN GUINEA FOWLS LAYERS USING THE SYSTEM ‘CLARCS OF DISTRIBUTION/TRANSFORMATION’

Aim: To introduce and calculate the energy and crude protein distribution from fodder to the edible part of the egg mass. New indexes “Clarc of energy distribution (CED)” and “Clarc of protein transformation (CPT)” were introduced. Methods: The “Clarc’s” were calculated by using the following formula: CED = Total energy content in the yolk, albumen, mélange/Total metabolizable energy intake for 1 kg yolk, albumen, mélange; CPT = Total (crude) protein content in yolk, albumen, mélange/Total (crude) protein intake for 1 kg yolk, albumen, mélange. Results: CDE to the yolk, albumen, mélange – 0.1492, 0.0399 and 0.1891 respectively; CPT to the yolk, albumen, mélange – 0.1041, 0.113, 0.2771 respectively.

Seed systems of Brachiaria species in intercropping with grain sorghum in the off-season

ABSTRACT The grain sorghum intercropped with Brachiaria provides the production of grains and dry mass in the off-season; however, there is a lack of information related to the implantation of these species. The objective of this study was to identify the best association of sorghum and Brachiaria in the production of grain and dry matter in the Brazilian Cerrado region. The experiment was conducted in Rio Verde, State of Goiás, in the experimental design of randomized blocks, in a 2×3×4+5 factorial scheme, with four replications. Two sorghum hybrids (BRS 330 and DKB 551) associated to three Brachiaria species (Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandu, Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis) were evaluated in four systems of Brachiaria implantation (row, interrow, row + interrow of sorghum and spread). Additional treatments referred to the two sorghum monocrops and the three Brachiaria species. The sorghum and Brachiaria consortium resulted in a reduction in grain yield, but the Brachiaria implantation systems in the row, interrow and spread were the most promising. The sorghum hybrid DKB 551 was the most sensitive to the competition with Brachiaria, although there were no grain yield differences in the intercropping. The Brachiaria intercropped in the interrow and in the row + interrow, mainly with B. ruziziensis, were the most promising for the production of dry mass and total crude protein. The cultivation of Brachiaria intercropped with sorghum provided a greater contribution of dry mass in the off-season, an important fact for the no-tillage system in the agricultural production systems of the Brazilian Cerrado.

Rumen-protected methionine in cattle: influences on reproduction, immune response, and productive performance

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, information and knowledge generated about the main ingredients used in cattle diets have enabled greater assertiveness in their formulation. Among the ingredients, amino acids stand out as a promising tool, capable of reducing total crude protein (CP) levels and adjusting optimal metabolizable protein concentrations in diets. Nutritional programs allow diets due to amino acid requirements, providing the opportunity to increase the efficiency of the use of dietary nitrogen, increasing the scarce protein concentrates, maintaining or even boosting performance. This review aimed to present the influences of methionine, in its formulation protected from ruminal degradation, according to reproductive parameters, immune response, and productive performance in cattle. Reproduction-related benefits are linked to the early days of embryonic implantation in the uterine environment, which initially secretes through the histotroph produced by endometrial glands, the nutrients needed to develop the conceptus until implantation, and vascular communication with the mother. Given the immune response, the main results are related to the benefits of innate immunity, with marked increase in phagocytic capacity of neutrophils and monocytes, as well as an important antioxidant effect mediated by methionine products, such as glutathione. When evaluating the influences on productivity, the most evident correlation is the increase in protein in the milk of cows supplemented with methionine. Over the past decade, studies investigating the potential benefits of this strategic supplementation in beef cattle were intensified, expanding the opportunities for the development of new experimental projects.

Forage Yield and Silage Quality of Intercropped Maize+Soybean With Different Relative Maturity Cycle

The success of maize+soybean intercrop depends on the correct synchronism between species phenological stages at the silage point. Due to it, the experiment was carried out to evaluate maize+soybean intercrop forage yield and silage quality using crops with different maturity cycle combination. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with a 2 &times; 3 factorial scheme. Treatments consisted of two maize hybrids (1: P1630YHR-early cycle and 2: middle cycle P30F53VYHR) and two soybean cultivars (P95R51-maturity cycle of 5.1; TMG7062-maturity cycle of 6.2) and one control represented by maize monocrop. Silage harvesting was performed when maize had reached 2/3 milk line stage. Intercropping soybean into maize did not affect its biomass yield. Both soybean cultivars present compatible cycles for ensiling together with maize hybrids, since they were in phenological stages from R5.3 to R7 by the time maize was at its optimum stage for ensiling. There was interaction between species for the soybean biomass yield. Maize hybrid P30F53 produced higher biomass yield than P1630 what also resulted in higher amount of total crude protein yield. Intercrop P1630-P95R51 produced 458 Kg ha-1 of crude protein more than maize monocrop. Maize+soybean intercropping system results in higher silage crude protein percentage and yield per area (Kg of CP ha-1).