Responsibility and Decision Making in the Era of Neural Networks

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-295
Author(s):  
William Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Artificial Language ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
New Information ◽  
Intelligent Behavior ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Frame Problem

Many of the mathematicians and scientists who guided the development of digital computers in the late 1940s, such as Alan Turing and John von Neumann, saw these new devices not just as tools for calculation but as devices that might employ the same principles as are exhibited in rational human thought. Thus, a subfield of what came to be calledcomputer scienceassumed the labelartificial intelligence(AI). The idea of building artificial systems which could exhibit intelligent behavior comparable to that of humans (which could, e.g., recognize objects, solve problems, formulate and implement plans, etc.) was a heady prospect, and the claims made on behalf of AI during the 1950s and 1960s were impossibly ambitious (e.g., having a computer capture the world chess championship within a decade). Despite some theoretical and applied successes within the field, serious problems soon became evident (of which the most notorious is the frame problem, which involves the difficulty in determining which information about the environment must be changed and which must be kept constant in the face of new information). Instead of fulfilling the goal of quickly producing artificial intelligent agents which could compete with or outperform human beings, by the 1970s and 1980s AI had settled into a pattern of slower but real progress in modeling or simulating aspects of human intelligence. (Examples of the advances made during this period were the development of higher-level structures for encoding information, such as frames or scripts, which were superior to simple prepositional encodings in supporting reasoning or the understanding of natural [as opposed to computer or other artificial] language texts, and the development of procedures for storing information about previously encountered cases and invoking these cases in solving new problems.)

Tantangan Pondok Pesantren dalam Menghadapi Era Bonus Demografi

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-434
Author(s):  
Ibnu Chudzaifah
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Current Development ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Times

Pondok Pesantren is one of the Islamic educational institutions that aim to form human beings who have noble character, so that created a human who has a balance between physical and spiritual. Some educational institutions offer various models of learning to balance the current development so that its existence is still recognized by the community. While boarding school in dealing with the development of the times, has a commitment to make new innovations by presenting the pattern of education that can give birth to a reliable Human Resources. Especially pesantren currently has a challenging enough weight in facing the era of "Demographic Bonus". Demographic bonus is a phenomenon in which the structure of the population greatly benefits the community from the side of development in various sectors, because the productive age is more than the non productive age. This means that the dependency burden will decrease with the ratio of 64 percent of the productive age population to bear only 34 percent of the nonproductive age population. With all kinds of scholarships and skills given to students, students are expected to compete in all fields, especially in the face of Indonesia gold in 2020 to 2035.

BERPIKIR KREATIF DAN INOVATIF DALAM MEMBANGUN JIWA ENTREPRENEUR

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumari Jumari
Keyword(s):  
Thought Process ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
The Face ◽  
Innovative Thinking

This article examines the creative and innovative thinking in building the entrepreneurial spirit. With the creative and innovative thinking are the human thought process undertaken to develop themselves, especially in building the entrepreneurial spirit. The figure of the entrepreneur as the ideals of human independence in trying to provide support in realizing the nation’s progress. Evidence that the entrepreneur is able to realize the nation’s progress is the existence in the face of obstacles and challenges as well as creative and innovative thinking so that the obstacles and challenges are not an obstacle to success, but rather as an opportunity. Creative and innovative thinking to try to reverse the mindset that tends to be negative into a positive. The assumption that appear in the form of strong beliefs to himself by maximizing the grace to think the Lord gave humans. Keyword: Berpikir, Kreatif, Inovatif, Entrepreneur.

Interpersonal Communication

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
Mohammad A. Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Common Object ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Basic Social Process

IntroductionCommunication today is increasingly seen as a process through whichthe exchange and sharing of meaning is made possible. Commtinication asa subject of scientific inquiry is not unique to the field of mass communication.Mathematicians, engineers, sociologists, psychologists, political scientists,anthropologists, and speech communicators have been taking an interest inthe study of communication. This is not surprising because communicationis the basic social process of human beings. Although communication hasgrown into a well developed field of study, Muslim scholars have rdrely hcusedon the study of communication. Thus, a brief introduction to the widely usedcommunication concepts and a framework for the study of communicationwithin the context of this paper is provided.In 1909, Charles Cooley defined communication from a sociologicalperspective as:The mechanism through which human relations exist and develop -all the symbols of mind, together with the means of conveyingthem through space and preserving them in time. It includes theexpression of the face, attitude and gesture, the tones of the voice,words, writing, printing, railways, telegraph, and whatever elsemay be the latest achievement in the conquest of space and time.In 1949, two engineers, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, definedcommunication in a broader sense to include all procedures:By which one mind may affect another. This, of course, involvesnot only written and oral speeches, but also music, the pictorialarts, the theater, the ballet, and, in kct, all human behavior.Harold Lasswell, a political scientist, defines communication simply as:A convenient way to describe the act of communication is to answerthe following question: Who, says what, in which channel, towhom, with what effect?S.S. Stevens, a behavioral psychologist, defines the act of communication as:Communication occurs when some environmental disturbance (thestimulus) impinges on an organism and the organism doessomething about it (makes a discriminatory response) . . . Themessage that gets no response is not a commnication.Social psychologist Theodore Newcomb assumes that:In any communication situation, at least two persons will becommunicating about a common object or topic. A major functionof communication is to enable them to maintain simultaneousorientation toward one another and toward the common object ofcommunication.Wilbur Schramm, a pioneer in American mass communication research,provides this definition:When we communicate we are trying to share information, anidea, or an attitude. Communication always requires threeelements-the source, the message, and the destination (thereceiver).

Cooperation with Evil Reconsidered: The Moral Duty of Resistance

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Hanlon Rubio
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Moral Theology ◽  
Moral Duty ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Face ◽  
Conservative Christians

The essay presents an argument for critical retrieval of the framework of cooperation with evil used by the moral manualists who dominated Catholic moral theology in the first part of the 20th century. Both “liberal” and “conservative” Christians are concerned with cooperation but differ as to which issues deserve attention and when cooperation becomes problematic. The key to moving beyond the current impasse is balancing the manualists’ tolerance for material cooperation in the face of conflicting responsibilities with the prophetic sensibilities of womanist theologians who are “troubled in their souls” by the suffering of vulnerable human beings and call Christians to take concrete steps to contribute to the decrease of that suffering.

scholarly journals Caricature Generator: The Dynamic Exaggeration of Faces by Computer

Leonardo ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Computer Graphics ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Theory Of Computation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Interactive Computer Graphics ◽  
Visualization Process ◽  
The Face

The author has researched and developed a theory of computation for caricature and has implemented this theory as an interactive computer graphics program. The Caricature Generator program is used to create caricatures by amplifying the differences between the face to be caricatured and a comparison face. This continuous, parallel amplification of facial features on the computer screen simulates the visualization process in the imagination of the caricaturist. The result is a recognizable, animated caricature, generated by computer and mediated by an individual who may or may not have facility for drawing, but who, like most human beings, is expert at visualizing and recognizing faces.

scholarly journals Perceptions on Authenticity in Chat Bots

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Neururer ◽  
Stephan Schlögl ◽  
Luisa Brinkschulte ◽  
Aleksander Groth
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Virtual Agents ◽  
Learning From Experience ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
Conversational Behavior ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Technology ◽  
Intelligent Virtual Agents ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Question Survey

In 1950, Alan Turing proposed his concept of universal machines, emphasizing their abilities to learn, think, and behave in a human-like manner. Today, the existence of intelligent agents imitating human characteristics is more relevant than ever. They have expanded to numerous aspects of daily life. Yet, while they are often seen as work simplifiers, their interactions usually lack social competence. In particular, they miss what one may call authenticity. In the study presented in this paper, we explore how characteristics of social intelligence may enhance future agent implementations. Interviews and an open question survey with experts from different fields have led to a shared understanding of what it would take to make intelligent virtual agents, in particular messaging agents (i.e., chat bots), more authentic. Results suggest that showcasing a transparent purpose, learning from experience, anthropomorphizing, human-like conversational behavior, and coherence, are guiding characteristics for agent authenticity and should consequently allow for and support a better coexistence of artificial intelligence technology with its respective users.

scholarly journals Response to Melissa Raphael

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
Ruth Illman
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Image Of God ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Jewish Art ◽  
Contemporary Issue ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Image Of God ◽  
Ethical Demand

A response to Melissa Raphael’s article ‘The creation of beauty by its destruction: the idoloclastic aesthetic in modern and contemporary Jewish art’. Key themes discussed include the notion of human beings as created in the image of God, Levinas’s understanding of the face and its ethical demand as well as the contemporary issue of the commodification of the human face in digital media.

scholarly journals Real Time Face Recognition based Smart Lab for Energy Conservation

Webology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (SI02) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
M. Karthikeyan ◽  
T.S. Subashini ◽  
M.S. Prashanth
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Object Identification ◽  
Home Automation ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Environmentally Conscious ◽  
Repetitive Tasks ◽  
Automation Systems ◽  
The Face ◽  
Identification Technique ◽  
Haar Cascade

Home automation offers a good solution to help conserve our natural resources in a time when we are all becoming more environmentally conscious. Home automation systems can reduce power consumption and when they are not in use automatically turn off lights and appliances. With home automation, many repetitive tasks can be performed automatically or with fewer steps. For example, each time the person gets out of his computer desk, for instance, the fan and the lights need to be turned off and switched on when he comes back to the computer desk. This is a repetitive task, and failure to do so leads to a waste of energy. This paper proposes a security/energy saving system based on face recognition to monitor the fan and lights depending on the presence or absence of the authenticated user. Initially, the authenticated faces/users LBPH (Local Binary Pattern Histogram) features were extracted and modelled using SVM to construct the face profile of all authenticated users. The webcam catches the user's picture before the PC and the Haar-cascade classifier, a profound learning object identification technique is used to identify face objects from the background. The facial recognition techniques were implemented with python and linked to the cloud environment of Ada-Fruit in order to enable or disable the light and fan on the desk. The relay status is transmitted from Ada Fruit Cloud to Arduino Esp8266 using the MQTT Protocol. If the unidentified user in the webcam is detected by this device, the information in the cloud will be set to ' off ' status, allowing light and fan to be switched off. Although Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) is widely used in home automation systems, PIR sensors detect heat traces in a room, so they are not very sensitive when the room itself is hot. Therefore, in some countries such as INDIA, PIR sensors are unable to detect human beings in the summer. This system is an alternative to commonly used PIR sensors in the home automation process.

scholarly journals Seasonal records of benthic macroinvertebrates in a stream on the eastern edge of the Iguaçu National Park, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhenifer Santos ◽  
Luciano Wolff ◽  
Lucíola Baldan ◽  
Ana Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Macroinvertebrates ◽  
National Park ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Natural Heritage ◽  
Precipitation Temperature ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Urban Impacts ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Face ◽  
Eastern Edge

Background Iguaçu National Park (INP) is known worldwide due to Iguaçu Waterfalls, being considered a World Natural Heritage by UNESCO. The INP is one of the last large forested extensions of inland Brazil that provides protection to the Atlantic Forest, one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. However, its Natural Heritage status has been threatened by the construction and operation of the Baixo Iguaçu dam, agricultural and urban impacts on its boundaries and the increasing interest of the Brazilian government in re-opening of the “Colono road”, an old illegal road that crossed the interior of the park. Indeed, since benthic macroinvertebrates have been widely used for the environmental assessment of streams, records and abundance of their taxa under different seasonal periods may provide an additional dataset for biomonitoring of hydrographic systems in the face of current anthropogenic impacts on the INP boundaries and other similar streams on forest edges. New information In this study, we improved the sampling design of benthic macroinvertebrates and provided seasonal records covering distinct precipitation/temperature periods between 2016 and 2017 of a stream on the eastern edge of the Iguaçu National Park, Brazil. The records total 2,840 individuals distributed in 88 different taxa. The most abundant taxa were the Diptera subfamilies, Chironominae (n = 1,487) and Tanypodinae (n = 256), besides the Heterelmis genus (n = 152, Elmidae; Coleoptera). Diptera was the richest order in number of families (n = 8), while Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) was the richest taxonomic family in number of genera (n = 11). Aegla (Crustacea) and the Insecta genera, Heterelmis, Hexacylloepus, Noelmis, Phylloicus and Thraulodes, were recorded through all samplings. Twenty-five genera of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera (EPT) and Odonata were recorded during intermediate precipitation/temperature periods. Twenty-one of them were recorded in May 2016, with five genera standing out in abundance (Hydrosmilodon, Anacroneuria, Argia, Coryphaeschna, Americabaetis) and four (Needhamella, Tikuna, Simothraulopsis, Neocordulia) in December 2016. Four general taxa were exclusive of the lower precipitation/temperature period (August 2016), standing out in abundance were the Oxystigma (Odonata) and Corydalus (Megaloptera) genera. In March 2017 (higher precipitation/temperature period), four exclusive taxa were recorded, amongst them, the Chimarra (Trichoptera) genus. Furthermore, seasonal records demonstrated higher occurrences and abundance of macroinvertebrates during the intermediate and lower precipitation/temperature periods, besides a varied taxa composition throughout the year, with the presence of both sensitive and tolerant groups to environmental impacts. Our findings suggest that the number and composition of the local-stream macrobenthic fauna were influenced by the seasonal climatic regime. These changes should be considered in the limnological monitoring developed on the hydrographic systems of INP eastern edges to improve the assessment of environmental quality under different local seasonal conditions.

scholarly journals COVID-19 in the International Year of Plant Health

2022 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Jorge Gutiérrez-Samperio
Keyword(s):  
Life Forms ◽  
Plant Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Bible ◽  
United Nations General ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health Organization

<p>Pests, in their broad sense, have played an important part in the history of humankind. We could say that humans, crops and pests have walked together through life. Codices, glyphs, paintings and countless ancient documents, including the Bible and the Koran, bear witness to this. Humanity has been attacked by its own diseases, but also by those that limit them from obtaining food and deteriorate the environment. COVID-19, which is now troubling us and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March of 2020, became a part of the list of experiences we have suffered in the past, with pests or epidemics that caused millions of deaths by diseases or famines. It is paradoxical that this health contingency occurs when the United Nations General Assembly, on December 20th, 2018, in its resolution A/RES/73/252 decides to declare 2020 the International Year of Plant Health in order to “highlight the importance of plant health to improve food security, protect the environment and biodiversity and boost economic development” according to the pronouncement by the FAO. For the first time, in an era with great technological and scientific breakthroughs, humanity was aware of its vulnerability against the inevitable evolution of life forms in the face of dilemmas global impact caused by human beings. Thus, the pest or parasite makes its own declaration of existential preeminence through SARS-CoV-2 to remind us that the health of humans or plants is the essence of life and its continuity. But perhaps absolute health is not enough. It is necessary to find a balance in a world overwhelmed by giving so much in return for almost nothing to everyone living on it. If the sensor of our anthropocentric intervention of the world is climate change, then biological chaos is a masterpiece. The reemergence of pests and diseases considered eradicated, or those of zoonotic origin that had never accompanied our existence is a surreal dystopia that we will never be able to deny again.</p>

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