Neuronal Replacement After Traumatic or Age-Dependent Brain Damage

During the last few years evidence has accumulated that fetal neurons, implanted into the depth of the brain in adult rats, can reestablish damaged connections in the host brain and substitute functionally for elements lost or damaged as a result of a preceding lesion. This research work has led to the realization that, contrary to traditional views, the adult mammalian CNS has a potential to incorporate new neuronal elements into already established neuronal circuitry and that such implanted neurons can modify the function and behavior of the recipient. For a long time it was thought that the remarkable regenerative and functional potential of CNS tissue grafts that had been demonstrated in cold-blooded vertebrates reflected a fundamental difference in the regenerative properties of central nervous tissue between cold-blooded vertebrates and mammals. During the last few years it has become evident however, that at least certain types of intracerebral neural grafts can perfoum just as well in developing and mammals as in developing or adult submammalian vertebrates.

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Review of Self-regulation of the Brain and Behavior.

Contemporary Psychology ◽

10.1037/023440 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 30 (12) ◽

pp. 999-999

Author(s):

Gerald S. Wasserman

Keyword(s):

Self Regulation ◽

Brain And Behavior ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Brain

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Pain, Gain, and the Brain: Chronic Pain, Disability, and Behavior Revisited

Contemporary Psychology ◽

10.1037/026309 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 33 (12) ◽

pp. 1043-1044

Author(s):

J. Scott Richards

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Pain Disability ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Brain

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Stroke Lesion Segmentation and Analysis using Entropy/Otsu’s Function – A Study with Social Group Optimization

Current Bioinformatics ◽

10.2174/1574893614666181220094918 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 305-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Suresh Chandra Satapathy ◽

Steven Lawrence Fernandes ◽

Hong Lin

Keyword(s):

Social Group ◽

Research Work ◽

Lesion Segmentation ◽

Permanent Disability ◽

Brain Abnormality ◽

Inspection Process ◽

Stroke Lesion ◽

Social Group Optimization ◽

The Brain ◽

Otsu’S Function

Background: Stroke is one of the major causes for the momentary/permanent disability in the human community. Usually, stroke will originate in the brain section because of the neurological deficit and this kind of brain abnormality can be predicted by scrutinizing the periphery of brain region. Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) is the extensively considered imaging procedure to record the interior sections of the brain to support visual inspection process. Objective: In the proposed work, a semi-automated examination procedure is proposed to inspect the province and the severity of the stroke lesion using the MRI. associations while known disease-lncRNA associations are required only. Method: Recently discovered heuristic approach called the Social Group Optimization (SGO) algorithm is considered to pre-process the test image based on a chosen image multi-thresholding procedure. Later, a chosen segmentation procedure is considered in the post-processing section to mine the stroke lesion from the pre-processed image. Results: In this paper, the pre-processing work is executed with the well known thresholding approaches, such as Shannon’s entropy, Kapur’s entropy and Otsu’s function. Similarly, the postprocessing task is executed using most successful procedures, such as level set, active contour and watershed algorithm. Conclusion: The proposed procedure is experimentally inspected using the benchmark brain stroke database known as Ischemic Stroke Lesion Segmentation (ISLES 2015) challenge database. The results of this experimental work authenticates that, Shannon’s approach along with the LS segmentation offers superior average values compared with the other approaches considered in this research work.</P>

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Individual Uniqueness in the Neonatal Functional Connectome

Cerebral Cortex ◽

10.1093/cercor/bhab041 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qiushi Wang ◽

Yuehua Xu ◽

Tengda Zhao ◽

Zhilei Xu ◽

Yong He ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Individual Identification ◽

Imaging Data ◽

Functional Connectome ◽

Middle Range ◽

Human Connectome Project ◽

The Individual ◽

And Behavior ◽

Identification Analysis ◽

The Brain

Abstract The functional connectome is highly distinctive in adults and adolescents, underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior. However, it remains unknown whether the individual uniqueness of the functional connectome is present in neonates, who are far from mature. Here, we utilized the multiband resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 40 healthy neonates from the Developing Human Connectome Project and a split-half analysis approach to characterize the uniqueness of the functional connectome in the neonatal brain. Through functional connectome-based individual identification analysis, we found that all the neonates were correctly identified, with the most discriminative regions predominantly confined to the higher-order cortices (e.g., prefrontal and parietal regions). The connectivities with the highest contributions to individual uniqueness were primarily located between different functional systems, and the short- (0–30 mm) and middle-range (30–60 mm) connectivities were more distinctive than the long-range (>60 mm) connectivities. Interestingly, we found that functional data with a scanning length longer than 3.5 min were able to capture the individual uniqueness in the functional connectome. Our results highlight that individual uniqueness is present in the functional connectome of neonates and provide insights into the brain mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognition and behavior later in life.

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Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxic Preconditioning Provides Neuroprotection by Increasing Antioxidant Activity, Erythropoietin Expression and Preventing Apoptosis and Astrogliosis in the Brain of Adult Rats Exposed to Acute Severe Hypoxia

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22105272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 5272

Author(s):

Débora Coimbra-Costa ◽

Fernando Garzón ◽

Norma Alva ◽

Tiago C. C. Pinto ◽

Fernando Aguado ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Hypobaric Hypoxia ◽

Hypoxic Preconditioning ◽

Severe Hypoxia ◽

Efficient Tool ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Therapeutic Benefits ◽

Background Exposure ◽

The Brain ◽

Apoptotic Cascade

Background: Exposure to intermittent hypoxia has been demonstrated to be an efficient tool for hypoxic preconditioning, preventing damage to cells and demonstrating therapeutic benefits. We aimed to evaluate the effects of respiratory intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) to avoid brain injury caused by exposure to acute severe hypoxia (ASH). Methods: biomarkers of oxidative damage, mitochondrial apoptosis, and transcriptional factors in response to hypoxia were assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry in brain tissue. Four groups of rats were used: (1) normoxic (NOR), (2) exposed to ASH (FiO2 7% for 6 h), (3) exposed to IHH for 3 h per day over 8 days at 460 mmHg, and (4) ASH preconditioned after IHH. Results: ASH animals underwent increased oxidative-stress-related parameters, an upregulation in apoptotic proteins and had astrocytes with phenotype forms compatible with severe diffuse reactive astrogliosis. These effects were attenuated and even prevented when the animals were preconditioned with IHH. These changes paralleled the inhibition of NF-κB expression and the increase of erythropoietin (EPO) levels in the brain. Conclusions: IHH exerted neuroprotection against ASH-induced oxidative injury by preventing oxidative stress and inhibiting the apoptotic cascade, which was associated with NF-κB downregulation and EPO upregulation.

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Crosstalk between Existential Phenomenological Psychotherapy and Neurological Sciences in Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9040340 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 340

Author(s):

Lehel Balogh ◽

Masaru Tanaka ◽

Nóra Török ◽

László Vécsei ◽

Shigeru Taguchi

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Biological Treatment ◽

Sense Of Self ◽

Phenomenological Approach ◽

Neurological Damage ◽

Mood And Anxiety Disorders ◽

New Interpretation ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain

Psychotherapy is a comprehensive biological treatment modifying complex underlying cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and regulatory responses in the brain, leading patients with mental illness to a new interpretation of the sense of self and others. Psychotherapy is an art of science integrated with psychology and/or philosophy. Neurological sciences study the neurological basis of cognition, memory, and behavior as well as the impact of neurological damage and disease on these functions, and their treatment. Both psychotherapy and neurological sciences deal with the brain; nevertheless, they continue to stay polarized. Existential phenomenological psychotherapy (EPP) has been in the forefront of meaning-centered counseling for almost a century. The phenomenological approach in psychotherapy originated in the works of Martin Heidegger, Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss, and Viktor Frankl, and it has been committed to accounting for the existential possibilities and limitations of one’s life. EPP provides philosophically rich interpretations and empowers counseling techniques to assist mentally suffering individuals by finding meaning and purpose to life. The approach has proven to be effective in treating mood and anxiety disorders. This narrative review article demonstrates the development of EPP, the therapeutic methodology, evidence-based accounts of its curative techniques, current understanding of mood and anxiety disorders in neurological sciences, and a possible converging path to translate and integrate meaning-centered psychotherapy and neuroscience, concluding that the EPP may potentially play a synergistic role with the currently prevailing medication-based approaches for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.

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Transfer of rhodamine-123 into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of fetal, neonatal and adult rats

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS ◽

10.1186/s12987-021-00241-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Liam M. Koehn ◽

Katarzyna M. Dziegielewska ◽

Mark D. Habgood ◽

Yifan Huang ◽

Norman R. Saunders

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Fetal Brain ◽

Maternal Blood ◽

Adult Brain ◽

Rhodamine 123 ◽

Patient Specific ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Blood Brain ◽

The Brain ◽

Brain Barriers

Abstract Background Adenosine triphosphate binding cassette transporters such as P-glycoprotein (PGP) play an important role in drug pharmacokinetics by actively effluxing their substrates at barrier interfaces, including the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and placental barriers. For a molecule to access the brain during fetal stages it must bypass efflux transporters at both the placental barrier and brain barriers themselves. Following birth, placental protection is no longer present and brain barriers remain the major line of defense. Understanding developmental differences that exist in the transfer of PGP substrates into the brain is important for ensuring that medication regimes are safe and appropriate for all patients. Methods In the present study PGP substrate rhodamine-123 (R123) was injected intraperitoneally into E19 dams, postnatal (P4, P14) and adult rats. Naturally fluorescent properties of R123 were utilized to measure its concentration in blood-plasma, CSF and brain by spectrofluorimetry (Clariostar). Statistical differences in R123 transfer (concentration ratios between tissue and plasma ratios) were determined using Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn’s corrections. Results Following maternal injection the transfer of R123 across the E19 placenta from maternal blood to fetal blood was around 20 %. Of the R123 that reached fetal circulation 43 % transferred into brain and 38 % into CSF. The transfer of R123 from blood to brain and CSF was lower in postnatal pups and decreased with age (brain: 43 % at P4, 22 % at P14 and 9 % in adults; CSF: 8 % at P4, 8 % at P14 and 1 % in adults). Transfer from maternal blood across placental and brain barriers into fetal brain was approximately 9 %, similar to the transfer across adult blood-brain barriers (also 9 %). Following birth when placental protection was no longer present, transfer of R123 from blood into the newborn brain was significantly higher than into adult brain (3 fold, p < 0.05). Conclusions Administration of a PGP substrate to infant rats resulted in a higher transfer into the brain than equivalent doses at later stages of life or equivalent maternal doses during gestation. Toxicological testing of PGP substrate drugs should consider the possibility of these patient specific differences in safety analysis.

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The path from trigeminal asymmetry to cognitive impairment: a behavioral and molecular study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82265-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Paola Tramonti Fantozzi ◽

Giulia Lazzarini ◽

Vincenzo De Cicco ◽

Angela Briganti ◽

Serena Argento ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pupil Size ◽

Muscle Spindles ◽

Molecular Study ◽

Contralateral Side ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Afferent Inputs ◽

Acute And Chronic Effects ◽

The Brain ◽

Mandibular Branch

AbstractTrigeminal input exerts acute and chronic effects on the brain, modulating cognitive functions. Here, new data from humans and animals suggest that these effects are caused by trigeminal influences on the Locus Coeruleus (LC). In humans subjects clenching with masseter asymmetric activity, occlusal correction improved cognition, alongside with reductions in pupil size and anisocoria, proxies of LC activity and asymmetry, respectively. Notably, reductions in pupil size at rest on the hypertonic side predicted cognitive improvements. In adult rats, a distal unilateral section of the trigeminal mandibular branch reduced, on the contralateral side, the expression of c-Fos (brainstem) and BDNF (brainstem, hippocampus, frontal cortex). This counterintuitive finding can be explained by the following model: teeth contact perception loss on the lesioned side results in an increased occlusal effort, which enhances afferent inputs from muscle spindles and posterior periodontal receptors, spared by the distal lesion. Such effort leads to a reduced engagement of the intact side, with a corresponding reduction in the afferent inputs to the LC and in c-Fos and BDNF gene expression. In conclusion, acute effects of malocclusion on performance seem mediated by the LC, which could also contribute to the chronic trophic dysfunction induced by loss of trigeminal input.

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Deletion of murine tau gene increases tau aggregation in a human mutant tau transgenic mouse model

Biochemical Society Transactions ◽

10.1042/bst0381001 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 1001-1005 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kunie Ando ◽

Karelle Leroy ◽

Céline Heraud ◽

Anna Kabova ◽

Zehra Yilmaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mouse Model ◽

Transgenic Mouse ◽

Double Mutant ◽

Transgenic Mouse Model ◽

Tau Proteins ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Ad Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Tau Aggregation ◽

The Brain

We have reported previously a tau transgenic mouse model (Tg30tau) overexpressing human 4R1N double-mutant tau (P301S and G272V) and that develops AD (Alzheimer's disease)-like NFTs (neurofibrillary tangles) in an age-dependent manner. Since murine tau might interfere with the toxic effects of human mutant tau, we set out to analyse the phenotype of our Tg30tau model in the absence of endogenous murine tau with the aim to reproduce more faithfully a model of human tauopathy. By crossing the Tg30tau line with TauKO (tau-knockout) mice, we have obtained a new mouse line called Tg30×TauKO that expresses only exogenous human double-mutant 4R1N tau. Whereas Tg30×TauKO mice express fewer tau proteins compared with Tg30tau, they exhibit augmented sarkosyl-insoluble tau in the brain and an increased number of Gallyas-positive NFTs in the hippocampus. Taken together, exclusion of murine tau causes accelerated tau aggregation during aging of this mutant tau transgenic model.

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