scholarly journals Conversation Analysis in Applied Linguistics

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 171-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Kasper ◽  
Johannes Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Standard Practices ◽  
Embodied Action ◽  
Relationship Of

For the last decade, conversation analysis (CA) has increasingly contributed to several established fields in applied linguistics. In this article, we will discuss its methodological contributions. The article distinguishes between basic and applied CA. Basic CA is a sociological endeavor concerned with understanding fundamental issues of talk in action and of intersubjectivity in human conduct. The field has expanded its scope from the analysis of talk—often phone calls—towards an integration of language with other semiotic resources for embodied action, including space and objects. Much of this expansion has been driven by applied work.After laying out CA's standard practices of data treatment and analysis, this article takes up the role of comparison as a fundamental analytical strategy and reviews recent developments into cross-linguistic and cross-cultural directions. The remaining article focuses on applied CA, the application of basic CA's principles, methods, and findings to the study of social domains and practices that are interactionally constituted. We consider three strands—foundational, social problem oriented, and institutional applied CA—before turning to recent developments in CA research on learning and development. In conclusion, we address some emerging themes in the relationship of CA and applied linguistics, including the role of multilingualism, standard social science methods as research objects, CA's potential for direct social intervention, and increasing efforts to complement CA with quantitative analysis.

scholarly journals Conversation, Construction Grammar, and cognition

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
KERSTIN FISCHER
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Discursive Practices ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Grammar And Interaction

abstractRecent developments in grammatical theory seem to invite an integration of grammar and interaction; nevertheless, there are reservations on both sides. While some of these reservations can be traced to misconceptions, others are deeply rooted in the theoretical premises of each approach. The differences are, however, not very well understood; especially theoretical premises regarding the role of cognition in language use have been hindering a fruitful collaboration. Reinterpreting the results of Conversation Analysis (CA; cf. Sacks, Schegloff, & Jefferson, 1974; Sacks, 1992) in terms of Construction Grammar (Goldberg, 1995, 2006; Croft, 2001, Langacker, 2008) recasts the discursive practices identified in CA in terms of participants’ cognitive construals of the communicative situation, making the speaking subjects apparent in their strategies and conceptualizations of the interaction.

The Synoptic Problem: Where to from here?

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-87
Author(s):  
Christopher John Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Tradition ◽  
First Century ◽  
Synoptic Problem ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The study of the Synoptic Problem continues with a wide range of hypotheses proposed to explain the relationship of Mark, Matthew and Luke to the early Jesus tradition, and to each other. This article reviews recent developments in synoptic studies highlighting the recognition of the ongoing role of the oral tradition, the ways in which scribal compositional practices in the first century have been used to test the major hypotheses, and the methodological constraints that accompany research in this area.

Recognizing spaces of dissensus in English teacher education

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan E. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Preservice Teachers ◽  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
English Education ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Perspective

Purpose This study inquires into the ways that three preservice teachers enrolled in one English education program at a state namesake university in the Southeastern part of USA, oriented to uncertainty when interacting with one another as they discussed potentially challenging/uncomfortable topics. Design/methodology/approach The tools of conversation analysis were used to analyze the three preservice teachers’ talk as they discussed the potential for using President Obama’s (2008) A More Perfect Union speech with their own secondary students. Findings The findings from this study suggest that when discussing uncomfortable topics like race and politics, preservice teachers tend to work toward consensus, rather than valuing tension and disagreement. Specifically, the preservice teachers in this study engaged in several strategies as they worked toward consensus with one another and also to excuse themselves from having potentially divergent opinions from one another or their potential future students. Research limitations/implications Possible explanations for the tendency toward agreement, as well as recommendations for future teaching that could challenge such an inclination for agreement, are delineated. Originality/value Previous studies on the role of discussion within educational settings have focused on the possibilities of dialogue to contribute to the construction of individuals’ identities and also to encourage participants to arrive at a singular understanding of the topic being discussed. This study offers a new perspective on the role of discussion, by suggesting that attempts at consensus and the development of singular identities limits potential for dialogue, thus limiting learning and development.

Shear Thickening of Concentrated Suspensions: Recent Developments and Relation to Other Phenomena

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Concentrated Suspensions ◽  
Solid Deformation ◽  
Dense Suspensions ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Extreme Change ◽  
Thickening Behavior ◽  
Relationship Of

Shear thickening is the increase of the apparent viscosity as shear rate or shear stress increases. This phenomenon is pronounced in concentrated (dense) suspensions of both colloidal-scale and larger particles, with an abrupt form, known as discontinuous shear thickening, observed as the maximum flowable solid fraction is approached. An overview of observed shear thickening behavior is presented, with a discussion of present understanding of the relationship of suspension shear thickening to granular jamming. Mechanistic arguments for the extreme change in rheological properties are outlined, and recent evidence from experiment and simulation for the role of contact forces is presented. Interactions of particles by fluid mechanical lubrication, contact, and steric and electrostatic forces, together with extreme stresses that may lead to solid deformation, require consideration of surface interactions and their tribological consequences in describing shear thickening.

scholarly journals Clinical Role of Newly Developed ALBI and mALBI Grades for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7178
Author(s):  
Atsushi Hiraoka ◽  
Takashi Kumada
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Hepatic Function ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Clinical Role ◽  
Hepatic Reserve ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Relationship Of

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. The selection of therapeutic modalities and the prognosis of affected patients are well known to be dependent not only on the tumor burden but also on the hepatic reserve function. Antiviral treatments for chronic hepatitis related to a viral infection and an increase in cases of nonviral HCC associated with the aging of society have resulted in dramatic changes regarding the characteristics of HCC patients. With recent developments in therapeutic modalities for HCC, a more detailed assessment of hepatic function has become an important need. Studies in which the relationship of albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) grade with the prognosis of HCC patients was investigated were reviewed in order to evaluate the usefulness of newly developed ALBI and modified ALBI (mALBI) grades for HCC treatment, as those scoring methods are considered helpful for predicting the prognosis and selecting therapeutic modalities based on the expected prognosis.

scholarly journals A Brief History of Whiskey Adulteration and the Role of Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics in the Detection of Modern Whiskey Fraud

Beverages ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Aoife C. Power ◽  
Caoimhe Ní Néill ◽  
Sive Geoghegan ◽  
Sinéad Currivan ◽  
Mary Deasy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Multivariate Methods ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Food Fraud ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Distilled Beverages

Food fraud and adulteration is a major concern in terms of economic and public health. Multivariate methods combined with spectroscopic techniques have shown promise as a novel analytical strategy for addressing issues related to food fraud that cannot be solved by the analysis of one variable, particularly in complex matrices such distilled beverages. This review describes and discusses different aspects of whisky production, and recent developments of laboratory, in field and high throughput analysis. In particular, recent applications detailing the use of vibrational spectroscopy techniques combined with data analytical methods used to not only distinguish between brand and origin of whisky but to also detect adulteration are presented.

The role of dialogue in the ontogeny and phylogeny of early symbol combinations: A cross-species comparison of bonobo, chimpanzee, and human learners

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Gillespie-Lynch ◽  
Patricia M. Greenfield ◽  
Heidi Lyn ◽  
Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Developmental Origins ◽  
Species Comparison ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Deferred Imitation ◽  
Joint Construction ◽  
Human Child ◽  
Stages Of Learning ◽  
Cross Species Comparison

What are the evolutionary and developmental origins of linguistic creativity? Cross-species comparison of the clade consisting of bonobo, chimpanzee, and human suggests that creative word combinations arise from conversation. Analysis of conversational data shows that novel symbol combinations are initially dependent upon conversational input – through the processes of deferred imitation and joint construction – for a bonobo and a chimpanzee exposed to a humanly devised symbol system, as well as for a human child. In all three species, reliance on conversational input for novel symbol combinations fades with development, as novel symbol combinations come to be constructed more independently. These findings resolve the controversy between the claim that ape language is limited to imitation and the claim that apes are not capable of imitation. Imitation, like conversational co-construction, does not differentiate between bonobo, chimpanzee, and human; instead, imitation and co-construction differentiate stages of learning and development across all three species.

scholarly journals Transmission, Evolution, and Endogenization: Lessons Learned from Recent Retroviral Invasions

2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex D. Greenwood ◽  
Yasuko Ishida ◽  
Sean P. O'Brien ◽  
Alfred L. Roca ◽  
Maribeth V. Eiden
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cell Genome ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SUMMARYViruses of the subfamilyOrthoretrovirinaeare defined by the ability to reverse transcribe an RNA genome into DNA that integrates into the host cell genome during the intracellular virus life cycle. Exogenous retroviruses (XRVs) are horizontally transmitted between host individuals, with disease outcome depending on interactions between the retrovirus and the host organism. When retroviruses infect germ line cells of the host, they may become endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), which are permanent elements in the host germ line that are subject to vertical transmission. These ERVs sometimes remain infectious and can themselves give rise to XRVs. This review integrates recent developments in the phylogenetic classification of retroviruses and the identification of retroviral receptors to elucidate the origins and evolution of XRVs and ERVs. We consider whether ERVs may recurrently pressure XRVs to shift receptor usage to sidestep ERV interference. We discuss how related retroviruses undergo alternative fates in different host lineages after endogenization, with koala retrovirus (KoRV) receiving notable interest as a recent invader of its host germ line. KoRV is heritable but also infectious, which provides insights into the early stages of germ line invasions as well as XRV generation from ERVs. The relationship of KoRV to primate and other retroviruses is placed in the context of host biogeography and the potential role of bats and rodents as vectors for interspecies viral transmission. Combining studies of extant XRVs and “fossil” endogenous retroviruses in koalas and other Australasian species has broadened our understanding of the evolution of retroviruses and host-retrovirus interactions.

How do histone modifications contribute to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in C. elegans?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Woodhouse ◽  
Alyson Ashe
Keyword(s):  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Histone Methyltransferases ◽  
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Gene Regulatory

Gene regulatory information can be inherited between generations in a phenomenon termed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI). While examples of TEI in many animals accumulate, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven particularly useful in investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon. In C. elegans and other animals, the modification of histone proteins has emerged as a potential carrier and effector of transgenerational epigenetic information. In this review, we explore the contribution of histone modifications to TEI in C. elegans. We describe the role of repressive histone marks, histone methyltransferases, and associated chromatin factors in heritable gene silencing, and discuss recent developments and unanswered questions in how these factors integrate with other known TEI mechanisms. We also review the transgenerational effects of the manipulation of histone modifications on germline health and longevity.

Attachment Styles, Physical Proximity, and Relational Satisfaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
Anita Shrivastava ◽  
Andrea Burianova
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Distinct Type ◽  
Relational Satisfaction ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Avoidant Attachment ◽  
Geographic Separation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Attachment Dimensions

This study aimed to explore the relationships between attachment styles, proximity, and relational satisfaction. This was achieved by assessing a distinct type of long distance romantic relationship of flying crews, compared with proximal (non-flying crew) romantic relationships. The responses of 139 expatriate professionals revealed significant associations between proximity and anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions. The role of the avoidant dimension in comparison with that of the anxious dimension was found to be a significant predictor of relational satisfaction. This study contributes significantly toward addressing the role of proximity and attachment in relational satisfaction in a new context of geographic separation.

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