Families and the 1951 New Zealand waterfront lockout

<p>From February to July 1951, 8,000 New Zealand watersider workers were locked-out and 7,000 miners, seamen and freezing workers went on strike in support. These workers and those who were dependent on their income, had to survive without wages for five months. The dispute was a family event as well as an industrial event. The men were fathers, husbands, brothers and sons, and their lack of wages affected the family that they lived with and their wider kin networks. The thesis examines families in order to write a gendered social history of the 1951 waterfront dispute. The discussion starts by exploring the relationship between waterfront work and watersiders' families before the lockout. Then it turns to examine the material support that families received and the survival strategies used during the dispute. It examines the decisions union branches made about relief and other activities through the lens of gender and explores the implications of those decisions for family members. The subsequent chapters examine the dispute's end and long-term costs on families. The study draws on a mixture of union material, state archives and oral sources. The defeat of the union has meant that union material has largely survived in personal collections, but the state's active involvement in the dispute generated significant records. The oral history of 1951 is rich; this thesis draws on over fifty existing oral history interviews with people involved in the dispute, and twenty interviews completed for this project. The thesis both complicates and confirms existing understandings of 1950s New Zealand. It complicates the idea of a prosperous conformist society, while confirming and deepening our understanding of the role of the family and gender relationships in the period. It argues that union branches put considerable effort into maintaining the gender order during the dispute and set up relief as a simulacrum of the breadwinner wage. Centring workers' families opens the dispute outwards to the communities they were part of. Compared to previous historical accounts, the thesis describes a messier and less contained 1951 waterfront dispute. This study shows that homes were a site of the dispute. The domestic work of ensuring that a family managed without wages was largely women's and was as much part of the dispute as collective union work, which was often organised to exclude women. The thesis argues that homes and families were the sharp edges of the 1951 waterfront dispute, the site of both its costs and crises.</p>

Families and the 1951 New Zealand waterfront lockout

<p>From February to July 1951, 8,000 New Zealand watersider workers were locked-out and 7,000 miners, seamen and freezing workers went on strike in support. These workers and those who were dependent on their income, had to survive without wages for five months. The dispute was a family event as well as an industrial event. The men were fathers, husbands, brothers and sons, and their lack of wages affected the family that they lived with and their wider kin networks. The thesis examines families in order to write a gendered social history of the 1951 waterfront dispute. The discussion starts by exploring the relationship between waterfront work and watersiders' families before the lockout. Then it turns to examine the material support that families received and the survival strategies used during the dispute. It examines the decisions union branches made about relief and other activities through the lens of gender and explores the implications of those decisions for family members. The subsequent chapters examine the dispute's end and long-term costs on families. The study draws on a mixture of union material, state archives and oral sources. The defeat of the union has meant that union material has largely survived in personal collections, but the state's active involvement in the dispute generated significant records. The oral history of 1951 is rich; this thesis draws on over fifty existing oral history interviews with people involved in the dispute, and twenty interviews completed for this project. The thesis both complicates and confirms existing understandings of 1950s New Zealand. It complicates the idea of a prosperous conformist society, while confirming and deepening our understanding of the role of the family and gender relationships in the period. It argues that union branches put considerable effort into maintaining the gender order during the dispute and set up relief as a simulacrum of the breadwinner wage. Centring workers' families opens the dispute outwards to the communities they were part of. Compared to previous historical accounts, the thesis describes a messier and less contained 1951 waterfront dispute. This study shows that homes were a site of the dispute. The domestic work of ensuring that a family managed without wages was largely women's and was as much part of the dispute as collective union work, which was often organised to exclude women. The thesis argues that homes and families were the sharp edges of the 1951 waterfront dispute, the site of both its costs and crises.</p>

Assessment of the Hardening Behavior and Tensile Properties of a Cold-Rolled Bainitic–Ferritic Steel

The automotive field is continuously researching safer, high-strength, ductile materials. Nowadays, dual-phase (DP) steels are gaining importance, since they meet all these requirements. Dual-phase steel made of ferrite and bainite is the object of a complete microstructural and mechanical characterization, which includes tensile and bending tests. This specific steel contains ferrite and bainite in equal parts; ferrite is the soft phase while bainite acts as a dispersed reinforcing system. This peculiar microstructure, together with fine dispersed carbides, an extremely low carbon content (0.09 wt %), and a minimal degree of strain hardening (less than 10%) allow this steel to compete with traditional medium-carbon single-phase steels. In this work, a full pearlitic C67 steel containing 0.67% carbon was used as a benchmark to build a comparative study between the DP and SP steels. Moreover, the Crussard–Jaoul (C-J) and Voce analysis were adopted to describe the hardening behavior of the two materials. Using the C-J analysis, it is possible to separately analyze the ferrite and bainite strain hardening and understand which alterations occur to DP steel after being cold rolled. On the other hand, the Voce equation was used to evaluate the dislocation density evolution as a function of the material state.

Aberrant Phase Separation of FUS Leads to Lysosome Sequestering and Acidification

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that leads to the death of upper and lower motor neurons. While most cases of ALS are sporadic, some of the familial forms of the disease are caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the RNA-binding protein FUS. Under physiological conditions, FUS readily phase separates into liquid-like droplets in vivo and in vitro. ALS-associated mutations interfere with this process and often result in solid-like aggregates rather than fluid condensates. Yet, whether cells recognize and triage aberrant condensates remains poorly understood, posing a major barrier to the development of novel ALS treatments. Using a combination of ALS-associated FUS mutations, optogenetic manipulation of FUS condensation, chemically induced stress, and pH-sensitive reporters of organelle acidity, we systematically characterized the cause-effect relationship between the material state of FUS condensates and the sequestering of lysosomes. From our data, we can derive three conclusions. First, regardless of whether we use wild-type or mutant FUS, expression levels (i.e., high concentrations) play a dominant role in determining the fraction of cells having soluble or aggregated FUS. Second, chemically induced FUS aggregates recruit LAMP1-positive structures. Third, mature, acidic lysosomes accumulate only at FUS aggregates but not at liquid-condensates. Together, our data suggest that lysosome-degradation machinery actively distinguishes between fluid and solid condensates. Unraveling these aberrant interactions and testing strategies to manipulate the autophagosome-lysosome axis provides valuable clues for disease intervention.

Soil and Traditions in Kurunthagai

Kurunthogai poems have spoken a lot about the soil and people of ancient Tamil Nadu. Soil and soil based biological traditions have become the subject of the song. Soil is not only a dwelling place in a material State but can also occur as an object o ownership. The human race, which has constructed its life from the life of an animal, has made safe places its habitat like that of animals. His wild life set the stage for the ariliseel beginning of human life. The man who started lring down the mountain took the forest as his abode. It was through the mangroves that mankind reached the pinnacle of civilization, creating the art of taming the forest. The coastline, which is a see and sea-based place is greatly depicted in the contest of the weaving land. The area where the soil is found to be less suitable for human habitation is causing the sand duties to be evacuated by the dairy people thus murder and robbery are shown as normal occurrences in the region.

Residual Properties in Damaged Laminated Composites through Nondestructive Testing: A Review

The development of damage tolerance strategies in the design of composite structures constitutes a major challenge for the widespread application of composite materials. Damage tolerance approaches require a proper combination of material behavior description and nondestructive techniques. In contrast to metals, strength degradation approaches, i.e., the residual strength in presence of cracks, are not straightforwardly enforceable in composites. The nonhomogeneous nature of such materials gives rise to several failure mechanisms and, therefore, the definition of an ultimate load carrying capacity is ambiguous. Nondestructive techniques are thus increasingly required, where the damage severity is quantified not only in terms of damage extension, but also in terms of material response of the damaged region. Based on different approaches, many nondestructive techniques have been proposed in the literature, which are able to provide a quantitative description of the material state. In the present paper, a review of such nondestructive techniques for laminated composites is presented. The main objective is to analyze the damage indexes related to each method and to point out their significance with respect to the residual mechanical performances, as a result of the working principle of each retained technique. A possible guide for future research on this subject is thus outlined.

Adaptation of First-Year Architectural Design Studio Resources Through Accessibility

This paper aims to discuss possible adaptations of the essential resources for the first-year architectural design studio's second term under COVID-19 lockdown regulations through experiences from MEF University First-Year Design Studio. Design Studio fundamentals, such as accessibility and materiality, needed to be adapted to studio participants' changing opportunities and places. The second term of the first-year design studio at MEF University is built upon the basic knowledge gained from the first term by improving its physical aspects such as structure, material, and site by forming direct relationships with the resources through analysis and experimentation. Its adaptation to remote studio poses significant difficulties with its intense tactile and material state. New resources and adaptations to the remote studio are grouped under three categories: Curriculum, studio as a workspace, and site. Remote studio experiences are analyzed through changing resources to uncover new possible achievements. Even though there are still irreplaceable components of the regular studio structure, the paper searches for possible adaptations to overcome these challenges of architectural design studio during remote teaching by reassessment of the resources with the accessibility theme.

Methodology of technology transfer in the field of intellectual property: economic and legal nature of the origin and definition of certain terms

Keywords: the concept of «technology transfer», technology fields, local and basictechnologies, the object of transfer, contractual relations, intellectual property. The article considers the methodology of technologytransfer from the point of economic and legal content in the field of intellectualproperty. It is noted that there is no single definition of technology transfer, as scientistsin various fields interpret it due to the peculiarities of their field of activity. Atthe general level, the field of technology is considered as the birth of technologies,their types and maturity, which are the objects of transfer, taking into account the peculiaritiesof state regulation in the field of transfer. It is in the field of technologythat an invention (utility model) is born, as a result of intellectual, creative human activity;that is, they associate this process with the material carriers of technologies, orthe intangible phenomenon becomes a material state. The transfer of technology is associatedwith the transition to technical means, technological processes, and computernetworks. It is considered from the point of law as a type of communication betweenbusiness entities on the basis of contractual relations. It is determined thatfrom the point of methodology of technologies and their components transfer, theissue of technologies origin and the nature of their creation require in-depth study,and that is important to indicate the author(s) (owner(s)) of the result of intellectual,creative activity in the field of intellectual property. The main goal of the technology can be achieved only if there is a quantitative assessment of the perfection of theprocess and product quality. Technology uses two types of models: ideal objects ofbasic sciences, on the basis of which the most general laws and regularities of naturalsciences are formulated, and ideal objects of technology itself, on the basis of whichmorphological descriptions of separate stages and functional descriptions of the structureof technological lines are made. New local technologies are the result of inventions,utility models in the field of technologies, which have a specific author(s) (inventor(s)) and which are the object of transfer. Amendments to the terms of Article 1of the Law of Ukraine «On State Regulation of Technology Transfer Activities».

A comparison of different hardening rules on a multi-step global manufacturing process modeling

The main difficulty presented by the simulation of a global process that includes different forming stages is the correct characterization of the material state at the end of each of these stages, which in turn, are the initial point of the following process. Hardening variables are capable of characterizing the state of the material, which, after a plastic transformation, varies according to the direction of the solicitation and its intensity. The present work carries out an analysis of the influence in the election of the hardening rule used in the behavior law, comparing the most used approach. For a work piece solicited by combined efforts in multiple stages, results are obtained by numerical simulation. A correct choice will allow obtaining reliable predictions, not the solicitations but also to the final geometry and the dissipated energy in the global process, allowing an eventual optimization of such process.