Investigations on condensation phenomena in mercury vapour

1934 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-224
Author(s):  
P. C. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mercury Vapour ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Critical Supersaturation ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Owing to its physical and chemical properties being greatly different from those of any of the liquids which have hitherto been used in the Wilson cloud chamber, mercury has been used in the experiments described in this paper and the condensation phenomena of its vapour at different temperatures observed. Before constructing the apparatus it was considered necessary to get from theoretical considerations some idea about the magnitude of the critical supersaturation for mercury vapour in equilibrium with a drop carrying unit charge. Assuming that J. J. Thomson's formula.where s is the supersaturation of mercury vapour in equilibrium with a drop of mercury of radius a, charge e, density σ and surface tension T, the value of which is assumed here to be independent of the radius of the drop, K the specific inductive capacity of the dielectric surrounding the drop, and R the gas constant for one gramme of weight, all at temperature θ, can be applied to the present problem, this critical supersaturation sm is given by the formula

Sugarcane Biochar for Agricultural Use Produced in Different Conditions of Pyrolysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Juliany Barbosa de Pinho ◽  
Aloisio Bianchini ◽  
Pedro Silvério Xavier Pereira ◽  
Letycia Cunha Nunes ◽  
Rodrigo Fernandes Daros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Oxidizing Atmosphere ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

From the pyrolysis process, biochar is a carbon rich and recalcitrant organic material with potential for long term carbon sequestration because of its aromatic structure. However, the physical and chemical properties of the biochar vary due to the diversity of raw material and the conditions of production. The present study aimed to evaluate the biochar from the sugarcane bagasse at different temperatures and under two conditions of pyrolysis. The biochar was produced at two final temperatures 200°C (1 hour); 250°C (1h) and 250°C (2h), with pyrolysis of an oxidizing and non-oxidizing atmosphere for both. PH, cation exchange capacity (CTC), carbon content (C), Nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), H:C, C:N and ash ratios were evaluated. The contents of C, H, N and the atomic ratios H:C and C:N were higher in Biochar produced in a non-oxidizing atmosphere (BNO). However, the content of ash, pH and CTC were higher in Biochar produced in oxidizing atmospheres (BO). One can conclude the direct influence of the pyrolysis condition.

scholarly journals The absorption spectra of the vapours of benzene and its homologues at different temperatures and pressures, and likewise of solutions of benzene

1908 ◽  
Vol 80 (537) ◽  
pp. 162-165 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Complete Agreement ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The author having been engaged since the year 1877 in investigating and correlating the physical and chemical properties of aromatic substances in relation to their chemical structure or constitution, he has latterly found it desirable that several very definite compounds should be examined in a state of vapour, as well as in solution. The work of E. Pauer, W. Friederichs, and of L. Grebe is referred to in detail. The vapours of benzene and several of its derivatives have been examined (1) at different temperatures and constant pressure; and (2) at different pressures, the temperature being constant. The previous measurements of Pauer, Friederichs, and Grebe have been confirmed, and reconciled where they do not show complete agreement with each other. The records of temperature and pressure, and the shortening of the exposure of the photographic plates, constitute important differences between the work of the former investigators and that of the author.

Characterization and Tribological Evaluation of 1-Benzyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide as Neat Lubricant and Oil Additive

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh G. Bansal ◽  
Jun Qu ◽  
Bo Yu ◽  
Huimin Luo ◽  
Sheng Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Cylinder Liners ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Selected physical and chemical properties and tribological data for a newly-developed, imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) are presented. The IL is soluble in the SAE 5W-30 oil up to a certain weight percentage, and is as a promising candidate for use in lubrication applications, either in its neat version or as an oil additive. Characterization of the IL included dynamic viscosity at different temperatures, corrosion effects on cast iron cylinder liners, and thermal stability analysis. The tribological performance was evaluated using a reciprocating ring-on-liner test arrangement. When used in neat version this IL demonstrated friction coefficient comparable to a fully formulated engine oil, and when used as an oil additive it produced less wear.

Mathematical Processing and Structural Explanation of Surface Tension Polythermal Diagram Reached Out to Achieve Critical Temperature of Thermo-time Treatment for a Ni Based Superalloy

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2232-2236
Author(s):  
Valeriu Rucai ◽  
Nicolae Constantin ◽  
Ion Ciuca ◽  
Brandusa Ghiban
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
Structural Explanation ◽  
Time Treatment ◽  
Mathematical Processing ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Thermo-Time Treatment of multicomponent melting can be foreshadowed by the polythermal diagrams analysis of main physical and chemical properties, which are considered for this purpose as structural-sensitive properties: viscosity, surface tension, density or electrical conductivity [1]. Critical temperature (Tcr), i.e. temperature at which or around which, must run Thermo-Time Treatmenthas been experimentally marked by a sudden and seemingly contradictory deviation on polythermal diagrams of surface tension, s(T), reached out at cooling process for Ni base studied superalloy (MSRR 7045). A possible mathematical processing of it, is given by interpolation curves of the surface tensiondependence on temperature.

scholarly journals Drying effect on physical and physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of kiwifruit powder

2020 ◽  
pp. 524-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inacia dos Santos Moreira ◽  
Wilton Pereira da Silva ◽  
Josivanda Palmeira Gomes ◽  
Deise Souza de Castro ◽  
Luzia Márcia de Melo Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Convective Drying ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of convective drying at different temperatures on the physical and chemical properties of kiwifruit powder. Circular kiwi slices were cut with thickness of 5.0 mm and subjected to different drying air temperatures (50, 60, 70 and 80 ºC). After drying, the slices were ground to obtain the powder and characterized for the physical parameters, physicochemical parameters and bioactive compounds. The powders were characterized for physical and physicochemical attributes and bioactive compounds. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three replicates, and the data were subjected to analysis of variance by F test and to Tukey test at 0.05 probability level. Kiwifruit powders obtained by convective drying at 50, 60, 70 and 80 ºC were classified as non-hygroscopic, showing good flowability and low cohesiveness. Kiwifruit powders obtained at temperatures of 70 and 80 ºC had lower moisture content and water activity, with predominance of yellow intensity over red intensity, which influenced their final color according to the drying air temperature. Powders obtained at the four drying temperatures showed significant amounts of bioactive compounds; thus, they can be consumed in powder and used in the preparation of food products. However, samples dehydrated at temperature of 70 ºC had higher contents of phenolic compounds compared to the others.

Characterization of Sludge after Thermal Treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 530-531 ◽  
pp. 715-719
Author(s):  
L.C. Morais ◽  
Jo Dweck ◽  
E.M. Gonçalves ◽  
Pedro M. Büchler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The aim of this paper was to study the characterization of sludge affected by different thermal treatment, on selected physical and chemical properties. Sludge incinerated ash has been fired at different temperatures. This material was fired at 1050 °C for 3 h and until a peak of 1010°C. After thermal treatment the ash were screened at 200 mesh. The ash was characterized by X-ray fluorescence and trace elements like Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, and some oxides like quartz(SiO2), Al2O3, P2O5, Fe2O3 were found. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown one change of particle between 2μm at 90μm and apparent porosity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties and Chemical Constituents of Rasam, a Traditional South Indian Soup

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Ayush Sharma ◽  
Muthu Kumaradoss Mohan Maruga Raja ◽  
Ravi Manne
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Aims: To evaluate the physical and chemical properties of rasam, a traditional south Indian soup. Each ingredient present in rasam are known for their medicinal value individually. Moreover, rasam has being suggested as a general control measure in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 by Ministry of AYUSH. For formulation designing the properties of material under study is generally determined. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the physiochemical properties of rasam so that it would be convenient to chose a suitable dosage form. Study Design: The physical and chemical studies was carried simultaneously in order to achieve the confirmatory results. Place and Duration of Study: Study was performed at Parul Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. The study took about 45 days. Methodology: The physical parameters evaluated were pH, viscosity, density, boiling range, surface tension, miscibility, refractive index and loss on drying. The chemical evaluation included preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening. Results: The pH of rasam was 3.916 ±0.0133, viscosity was 0.956 cp, density was 0.993 g/mL, relative density was 0.995, boiling point was 110.3333 ± 0.333, surface tension was 107.093 N/m, refractive index was 1.37, and loss on drying was 80%. It contains several chemical constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, etc. Conclusion: The evaluated physical and chemical properties of rasam would provide a gateway for the formulation researchers to follow-up with various dosage forms designing.

Studies on the Nature of the Action of Organic Accelerators for Rubber Vulcanization. VII. The Effect of Heat on the Surface Tension of Rubber Solutions

1935 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Keiichi Shimada
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Molecular Species ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Actual Concentration ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract In the previous paper on the effect of heat on the viscosity of rubber solutions (J. Rubber Soc., Japan,3, 413 (1931)), the present author suggested that the reduction in viscosity of dilute solutions of rubber on heating is probably a sign of depolymerization and not of physical disaggregation. In this report, the surface tension of rubber solutions has been investigated in an attempt to elucidate the effect of heat on rubber solutions and to draw some more definite conclusions. It should be possible, in the author's opinion, to detect depolymerization of rubber molecules by observing the surface tension variations of rubber solutions on heating, since the depolymerization of rubber would produce molecules differing widely in physical and chemical properties from the polymerized substance, and having most probably a different effect on the surface tension of the solution, whereas disaggregation of the dissolved substance in a solution is likely to produce no change in the surface tension, as aggregation implies merely coalescing particles to form larger groups, with no change in molecular species. it is possible that in solution a dynamic equilibrium exists between the particles and the aggregates, though the actual concentration of disaggregated material may be small. The results of the present work offer support to the theory that the effect of heat on dilute rubber solutions involves chemical depolymerization, that is, a breaking up of the long rubber molecules into shorter ones.

Statistical criteria of stellar population types

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska
Keyword(s):  
Stellar Population ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Spectrophotometric Study ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Population Type ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Distribution Parameters ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Statistical Criteria ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In connection with the spectrophotometric study of population-type characteristics of various kinds of stars, a statistical analysis of kinematical and distribution parameters of the same stars is performed at the Toruń Observatory. This has a twofold purpose: first, to provide a practical guide in selecting stars for observing programmes, second, to contribute to the understanding of relations existing between the physical and chemical properties of stars and their kinematics and distribution in the Galaxy.

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