The role of the principal part in factorizing block maps

1984 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-235
Author(s):  
Frank Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Principal Part ◽  
Principal Vector ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Principal Parts ◽  
Weaker Conditions ◽  
Role Of The Principal ◽  
Shift Dynamical System

An n-block is a sequence b1 … bn where bi ε {0,1} for 1 ≤ i ≤ n, and an n-block map is a function from the set of n-blocks to the set {0,1}. Block maps can be used to study endomorphisms of the shift dynamical system [7] and shift register sequences [4]. Composition of endomorphisms and cascading of shift registers [6] can be studied via composition of block maps. If fog is a given block map which is linear in the first variable and if g is also given, then f is unique and can be determined. If fog and f are given then g is unique and can be determined, at least up to a constant [10]. However, little is known about the level of computational complexity of the general task of searching for factors of a given block map. In this paper I identify a substantial class of maps which are linear in the first variable but not linear, for which there are effective methods of searching for factors. The methods are based on the presentation of block maps via successive principal parts, introduced in [9]. There I define the principal vector of a block map. One of the key results gives conditions under which there is a particularly close relationship between the principal vectors of two block maps f and g and their composition fog. In the second section of this paper I show that the same relationship holds under weaker conditions.

Lineages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Gamble
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Buddhist Tradition ◽  
Close Relationship

Chapter 2 examines lineages in Tibetan society and the Buddhist tradition and explains how they influenced the development of Tibet’s reincarnation lineages. It begins by explaining the role of family lineages in thirteenth-century Tibet, describing how lineages helped form identities, created links between people, and served as a mechanism for inheritance. It then examines the three main forms of Buddhist lineages—monastic, Mahāyāna, and Tantric—and shows how these lineages were often intermingled with Tibetan family lineages and inheritance practices. The chapter ends by outlining how lineages associated with manifestation, particularly lineages associated with Avalokiteśvara, underpinned claims by Tibetans to be the manifestation of this bodhisattva and other celestial beings. This chapter also explains how the Karmapas’ reincarnation lineage, traditions, and institutions were presented not as a break from other lineages but as an extension of them, and it highlights the close relationship between lineages and specific places.

Processing the Future

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Giraudeau
Keyword(s):  
Venture Capital ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Business Administration ◽  
Knowledge Practices ◽  
Project Appraisal ◽  
Development Corporation ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
American Research

This chapter is an analysis of the project appraisal procedures in place at American Research and Development Corporation (ARD) between 1946 and 1973, under the management of Georges F. Doriot. It shows the importance of knowledge technologies and administrative procedures in the way the venture capital company dealt with uncertain futures. The origins of these knowledge practices are traced back to Georges F. Doriot’s own views on business and more generally to the pragmatist movement in business administration of which he was a member. The conduct of project appraisal at ARD is then observed directly, and this reveals its reliance on a rich set of knowledge and diagnostic techniques as well as administrative procedures. These observations allow for a specification of the nature and role of imagination in the entrepreneurship and venture capital practices examined here—in particular, its close relationship with organized knowledge.

Patterns of interpredictability and principal parts in Latin verb paradigms: an entropy-based approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Pellegrini
Keyword(s):  
Principal Part ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Verb Inflection ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
Principal Parts ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis paper provides a fully word-based, abstractive analysis of predictability in Latin verb paradigms. After reviewing previous traditional and theoretically grounded accounts of Latin verb inflection, a procedure is outlined where the uncertainty in guessing the content of paradigm cells given knowledge of one or more inflected wordforms is measured by means of the information-theoretic notions of unary and n-ary implicative entropy, respectively, in a quantitative approach that uses the type frequency of alternation patterns between wordforms as an estimate of their probability of application. Entropy computations are performed by using the Qumin toolkit on data taken from the inflected lexicon LatInfLexi. Unary entropy values are used to draw a mapping of the verbal paradigm in zones of full interpredictability, composed of cells that can be inferred from one another with no uncertainty. N-ary entropy values are used to extract categorical and near principal part sets, that allow to fill the rest of the paradigm with little or no uncertainty. Lastly, the issue of the impact of information on the derivational relatedness of lexemes on uncertainty in inflectional predictions is tackled, showing that adding a classification of verbs in derivational families allows for a relevant reduction of entropy, not only for derived verbs, but also for simple ones.

Color-Neutral Disaggregation? Principals’ Practices Around Disaggregating Data From Three School Districts

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-588
Author(s):  
Rachel Roegman ◽  
Ala Samarapungavan ◽  
Yukiko Maeda ◽  
Gary Johns
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
Leadership Practice ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Data Practices ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
Disaggregate Data ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Role Of The Principal

Purpose: We explored the practices and understandings around using disaggregated data to inform instruction of 18 principals from three Midwestern school districts. Research Method: This qualitative study used one-on-one semistructured interviews with the principals focusing on how they disaggregate data in practice. The protocol included general questions about principals’ data practices as well as specific questions around disaggregation. Initial inductive coding began with principals’ direct responses to specific questions around disaggregation, and then emerging themes were used to analyze the entire transcripts. Findings: Participants were more likely to talk about disaggregation in relation to performance (by teacher, by grade level, etc.) than by subgroup (by race/ethnicity, by gender, etc.). Further analysis highlighted principals’ purposes for disaggregating data that focused on identifying low performance on standards-based assessments, as well as the challenges they faced, particularly in terms of technical skills and software. Implications for Research and Practice: We conclude with a discussion of how disaggregation could support or challenge equity-focused leadership, with implications for policy, practice, and preparation. We consider the role of the principal in identifying inequitable patterns versus focusing on individual students, and different ways that equity can become part of regular leadership practice.

How Can Economic Interests Influence Support for Free Trade?

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin O. Fordham ◽  
Katja B. Kleinberg
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Direction Of Causation ◽  
Complete Account

AbstractRecent research on the sources of individual attitudes toward trade policy comes to very different conclusions about the role of economic self-interest. The skeptical view suggests that long-standing symbolic predispositions and sociotropic perceptions shape trade policy opinions more than one's own material well-being. We believe this conclusion is premature for two reasons. First, the practice of using one attitude to predict another raises questions about direction of causation that cannot be answered with the data at hand. This problem is most obvious when questions about the expected impact of trade are used to predict opinions about trade policy. Second, the understanding of self-interest employed in most studies of trade policy attitudes is unrealistically narrow. In reality, the close relationship between individual economic interests and the interests of the groups in which individuals are embedded creates indirect pathways through which one's position in the economy can shape individual trade policy preferences. We use the data employed by Mansfield and Mutz to support our argument that a more complete account of trade attitude formation is needed and that in such an account economic interests may yet play an important role.1

STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF DECIDUALIZATION. V.

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Shelesnyak ◽  
Liliane Tic
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Uterine Weight ◽  
Close Relationship

ABSTRACT The uteri of pseudopregnant rats show a peak of metabolic activity on the 4th and 5th day of leucocytic smear. After the administration of 20 mg of pyrathiazine Cl on the 4th day of pseudopregnancy (L4) in order to induce decidualization of the progestational endometrium, the metabolic activity of the uterus becomes intensified. The amount of synthesis, estimated by determinations of uterine weight, and amount of protein and nucleic acids, was considered as being related to an oestrogen surge occurring on the 3rd day. The present work was undertaken to confirm the relation between the oestrogen surge and the metabolic activity found in the uterus thereafter by using an antioestrogenic substance: ethanoxytriphetol (MER-25). The experiments were performed in pseudopregnant as well as in decidualizing animals. MER-25 was injected on the 3rd day of leucocytic vaginal smear of pseudopregnancy. Analyses of the uterine components 24, 48, 72, 96 h after the injection of the antioestrogen showed a definite inhibition of the synthetic processes in the uterus of the otherwise untreated pseudopregnant rat as well as in decidualizing uterus. The results, confirm the role of oestrogen surge in the processes of decidualization and the close relationship between the oestrogen surge, increase of metabolism and decidualization.

Gender, Memory, and Identity in the Roman World

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Roman History ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Imperial Rome ◽  
The Past ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Close Relationship

This volume approaches three key concepts in Roman history — gender, memory and identity — and demonstrates the significance of their interaction in all social levels and during all periods of Imperial Rome. When societies, as well as individuals, form their identities, remembrance and references to the past play a significant role. The aim of Gender, Memory, and Identity in the Roman World is to cast light on the constructing and the maintaining of both public and private identities in the Roman Empire through memory, and to highlight, in particular, the role of gender in that process. While approaching this subject, the contributors to this volume scrutinise both the literature and material sources, pointing out how widespread the close relationship between gender, memory and identity was. A major aim of Gender, Memory, and Identity in the Roman World as a whole is to point out the significance of the interaction between these three concepts in both the upper and lower levels of Roman society, and how it remained an important question through the period from Augustus right into Late Antiquity.

scholarly journals P01.01 The role of exosome miRNA between tumor cells and microglias during the progression of medulloblastoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii24-iii24
Author(s):  
Q Chang ◽  
L Zhu ◽  
N Li
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Migration Ability ◽  
Daoy Cell ◽  
Bv2 Cells ◽  
Close Relationship

Abstract BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant paediatric brain tumor. Recent studies show that M2 cells were relative more abundant in Shh subtype of MBs compared with other three subtypes. It’s known that M2 cells have close relationship with many tumors’ progression. But if they play any role in the progression of Shh subtype of MB is not yet clear. Many studies demonstrate that exosomes carring miRNAs have close relationship with tumor invasion. The aim of present study is to clarify the role of exosome miRNA between tumor cells and microglias during the progression of Shh subtype of medulloblastoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunofluerescence staining using iNOS and Arg1, which is M1 and M2 specific marker, respectively, was performed in four subtypes of MBs. After coculture of exosomes extracted from Shh subtype of MB cell (DAOY) with microglia cell (BV2), Q-PCR and ELISA assay were done to evaluate the polarization status of the microglia. Transwell and scratch assay were then performed to detect the migration ability of DAOY cell after treatment of exosomes from polirized M2 cells. MiRNA sequencing by Ion Proton technology was then done to analyze the miRNAs expression level between Shh subtype and other subtype of MBs. Transformation assay was used to overexpress and inhibit the expression of these miRNAs respectively to further clarify the role of exosome miRNA in the polarization of BV2 cells. RESULTS M2 cells were observed more abundant than other three subtypes of tumors, supporting that M2 cells play some role in this subtype of MBs. Exosomes of DAOY cells can induce the polarization of M2 cells. The polarized M2 cells can improved the migration and invasion ability of DAOY cell. Dozens of miRNAs were identified with different expression level between Shh subtype of MBs and other subtype of MB cells. Among them, 4 miRNAs were reported to be related with polariztion of M2 in many other lesions. Three of the 4 miRNAs can induce the polarization of M2 in present study. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated exosome miRNA play a critical role between tumor cells and microglias during the progression of Shh subtype of medulloblastoma.

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