How a Bill Becomes a Law in China: Stages and Processes in Lawmaking

1995 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 39-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Scot Tanner
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Reforms ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
Legislative Agenda ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Politics And Law ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Landmark Study

Thirty years ago, in his landmark study of how “a bill becomes a law” in the United States, Daniel Berman reminded constitutional scholars that policy-making processes have an enormous impact on the content of the laws they produce, and are not mere “technical devices” designed to permit orderly Congressional lawmaking. This article begins from the assertion that 16 years after the beginning of China's post-Mao political and legal reforms, scholars of Chinese politics and law need to pay greater attention to the impact which lawmaking processes have on the content of the laws and policies that this system produces. Specifically, it asks the following questions. First, how are national-level laws drafted in post-Mao China, and what are the politics of the lawmaking process? Secondly, what factors in the process affect the “life chances” of a particular draft law? That is, why do some laws win a place on the legislative agenda, while most drafts languish in obscurity, and still others emerge briefly, only to disappear later into the bureaucratic swamp? And finally, what systematic impact, if any, do the politics of the lawmaking process have on the content of the laws which the system produces?

scholarly journals Shooting from the ‘Scrip: Scope of Practice Laws and Access to Immunizations in the Pharmacy Setting

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Charles Stoecker
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scope Of Practice ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Influenza Immunization ◽  
Immunization Rates ◽  
The Impact

In the past two decades, most states in the United States have added authorization for pharmacists to administer some vaccinations. Expansions of this authority have also come with prescription requirements or other regulatory burdens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of these expansions on influenza immunization rates in adults age 65 and over. A panel data, differences-in-differences regression framework to control for state-level unobserved confounders and shocks at the national level was used on a combination of a dataset of state-level statute and regulatory changes and influenza immunization data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Giving pharmacists permission to vaccinate had a positive impact on adult influenza immunization rates of 1.4 percentage points for adults age 65 and over. This effect was diminished by the presence of laws requiring pharmacists to obtain patient-specific prescriptions. There was no evidence that allowing pharmacists to administer vaccinations led patients to have fewer annual check-ups with physicians or not have a usual source of health care. Expanding pharmacists’ scope of practice laws to include administering the influenza vaccine had a positive impact on influenza shot uptake. This may have implications for relaxing restrictions on other forms of care that could be provided by pharmacists.

scholarly journals Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Racial and Ethnic Minorities

2020 ◽  
pp. 000313482097335
Author(s):  
Brad Boserup ◽  
Mark McKenney ◽  
Adel Elkbuli
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background Health disparities are prevalent in many areas of medicine. We aimed to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on racial/ethnic groups in the United States (US) and to assess the effects of social distancing, social vulnerability metrics, and medical disparities. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing data from the COVID-19 Tracking Project and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Demographic data were obtained from the US Census Bureau, social vulnerability data were obtained from the CDC, social distancing data were obtained from Unacast, and medical disparities data from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. A comparison of proportions by Fisher’s exact test was used to evaluate differences between death rates stratified by age. Negative binomial regression analysis was used to predict COVID-19 deaths based on social distancing scores, social vulnerability metrics, and medical disparities. Results COVID-19 cumulative infection and death rates were higher among minority racial/ethnic groups than whites across many states. Older age was also associated with increased cumulative death rates across all racial/ethnic groups on a national level, and many minority racial/ethnic groups experienced significantly greater cumulative death rates than whites within age groups ≥ 35 years. All studied racial/ethnic groups experienced higher hospitalization rates than whites. Older persons (≥ 65 years) also experienced more COVID-19 deaths associated with comorbidities than younger individuals. Social distancing factors, several measures of social vulnerability, and select medical disparities were identified as being predictive of county-level COVID-19 deaths. Conclusion COVID-19 has disproportionately impacted many racial/ethnic minority communities across the country, warranting further research and intervention.

Public Opinion, Domestic Structure, and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies

1991 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Risse-Kappen
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Liberal Democracies ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
The Impact

The paper discusses the role of public opinion in the foreign policy-making process of liberal democracies. Contrary to prevailing assumptions, public opinion matters. However, the impact of public opinion is determined not so much by the specific issues involved or by the particular pattern of public attitudes as by the domestic structure and the coalition-building processes among the elites in the respective country. The paper analyzes the public impact on the foreign policy-making process in four liberal democracies with distinct domestic structures: the United States, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Japan. Under the same international conditions and despite similar patterns of public attitudes, variances in foreign policy outcomes nevertheless occur; these have to be explained by differences in political institutions, policy networks, and societal structures. Thus, the four countries responded differently to Soviet policies during the 1980s despite more or less comparable trends in mass public opinion.

Eugenics and the State: Policy-Making in Comparative Perspective

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Mottier
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
The Impact

This article proposes to shift the focus from eugenic science to its translation into concrete policy practices, adopting a comparative perspective. It draws on examples of eugenic policy-making in the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, and Germany to explore the relation between eugenic science and the state, examining the impact of different state formations on cross-national variations in the political trajectories of eugenics. Eugenic movements were thus able to exert important influence on these states' policy-making apparatuses. This article also discusses the affect of specific institutional design on the ways in which eugenic policies are implemented. It also deals with political spectrum of eugenics and tends to amalgamate eugenics with conservative and extreme right-wing political ideologies.

Electoral Bases of Policy Innovation in the Progressive Era: The Impact of Grass-Root Opinion on Roll-Call Voting in the House of Representatives, Sixty-third Congress, 1913–1915

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Lorenzi McDonagh
Keyword(s):  
Progressive Era ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Innovation ◽  
Public Power ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Government Authority

The 1900–1920 decades of the Progressive Era constitute a seminal period in American political history, evinced by successful invocation of government authority to contend with consequences of life in an urban, industrial, multicultural society. Legislative precedents established at the state and national level used public power to meet the needs of citizens unable individually to defend themselves against social and economic problems stemming from the brutal, take-off stage of industrial capitalism in the United States. Many scholars view the political transition marking these decades as profoundly significant for the development of public policies, if not for the very creation of the modern American state. This research investigates the electoral bases of national policy innovation in the Progressive Era.

scholarly journals The Convention to Combat Desertification and the Role of Innovative Policy-Making Discourses: The Case of Burkina Faso

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Bruyninckx
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Level ◽  
Agenda 21 ◽  
The Impact

The UN Convention to Combat Desertification is a mix of traditional regime elements with a set of innovations. These innovative elements can be interpreted as emanations of policy discourses that have been gaining in importance since the introduction and the fairly broad acceptance of sustainable development and Agenda 21 as guiding conceptual frameworks. In this article I first elaborate on three of those discourses: the participatory, the decentralization and the local knowledge discourses. In a second part, I will look at Burkina Faso as an example of UNCCD policy implementation at the national and the local level (Yatenga region). It will become clear that although changes are visible in policy-making dynamics, major difficulties and obstacles remain. The CCD undeniably has an impact at the national level of policy-making. It has provided support for decentralization, for more participatory processes of policy-making and for the inclusion of local knowledge in the policy process. At the more decentralized level the impact is less clear and more difficult to distinguish.

Regionalization and Economic Crisis in Belgium: The Variable Origins of Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces

1986 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maureen Covell
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Political System ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Government ◽  
Centrifugal Forces ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
Centripetal Forces ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article examines the impact of economic crisis on the process of regionalization in Belgium and the influence of both on the balance of centrifugal and centripetal forces in the Belgian political system. It argues that the usual approach to this suject, which identifies centripetal forces with the national government and centrifugal forces with regional governments, misses the possibility that important proponents of further fragmentation may be located at the national level. The economic crisis of the early 1980s did lead to an increase in centrifugal pressures in the system but not to an increase in the power of the new regional executives. Rather, it led to a major rearrangement of the economic policy-making process at the national level.

scholarly journals Effects of medicaid expansion on poverty disparities in health insurance coverage

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yilu Lin ◽  
Alisha Monnette ◽  
Lizheng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Insurance Coverage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medicaid Expansion ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
Federal Poverty Level ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Poverty Levels

Abstract Background More than 30 states have either expanded Medicaid or are actively considering expansion. The coverage gains from this policy are well documented, however, the impacts of its increasing coverage on poverty disparity are unclear at the national level. Method American Community Survey (2012–2018) was used to examine the effects of Medicaid expansion on poverty disparity in insurance coverage for nonelderly adults in the United States. Differences-in-differences-in-differences design was used to analyze trends in uninsured rates by poverty levels: (1) < 138 %, (2) 138–400 % and (3) > 400 % federal poverty level (FPL). Results Compared with uninsured rates in 2012, uninsured rates in 2018 decreased by 10.75 %, 6.42 %, and 1.11 % for < 138 %, 138–400 %, and > 400 % FPL, respectively. From 2012 to 2018, > 400 % FPL group continuously had the lowest uninsured rate and < 138 % FPL group had the highest uninsured rate. Compared with ≥ 138 % FPL groups, there was a 2.54 % reduction in uninsured risk after Medicaid expansion among < 138 % FPL group in Medicaid expansion states versus control states. After eliminating the impact of the ACA market exchange premium subsidy, 3.18 % decrease was estimated. Conclusion Poverty disparity in uninsured rates improved with Medicaid expansion. However, < 138 % FPL population are still at a higher risk for being uninsured.

Forty Years of HIV: The Intersection of Laws, Stigma, and Sexual Behavior and Identity

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e3
Author(s):  
David W. Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Gay And Bisexual Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Hiv Surveillance ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
The Impact

Forty years after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC’s) June 1981 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report about five gay men with a syndrome that came to be called AIDS, both the impact of HIV and the legal landscape in the United States for the most affected population have changed dramatically. Laws, policies, and how they are enforced reflect the values and prejudices of society, and laws can help or hinder public health efforts, regardless of intent. From the outset, HIV aroused widespread fear and new stigmatizing laws and policies, and the crisis revealed injustices in existing laws that compounded stigma and health disparities among the most affected groups. In the 1980s, HIV engulfed already stigmatized communities of gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (MSM) and people who inject drugs. The CDC’s HIV surveillance reports show that, throughout the epidemic, MSM have constituted the majority of annual and prevalent cases, and the burden on racial or ethnic minority MSM has increased disproportionately since the early 1990s.1 It is timely to reflect on the intertwining of HIV, laws, stigma, and inequity in the United States and their intersection with the lives of gay and bisexual men (both cisgender and transgender). (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print June 10, 2021: e1–e3. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306335 )

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