Heralding the future: the art publisher in Great Britain from the 1920s through the post-war era

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Jane Carlin
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Popular Art ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Wide Readership ◽  
Post War ◽  
Coffee Table ◽  
Own Name ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

Major contributions to the publication of art books in the 20th century have been made by publishing houses in Great Britain. These include The Studio magazine and its associated publications, founded by Charles Holme late in the 19th century, a widely influential enterprise which was eventually to become the publishing house Studio Vista. Three other ventures resulted from initiatives by European émigrés. Anton Zwemmer arrived in England and commenced his activities as bookseller and publisher in the 1920s. Bela Horovitz’s Phaidon Press, founded in Vienna in 1923, was safeguarded from the Nazis by Sir Stanley Unwin and recommenced operations under its own name, in London, in 1946. And in 1949 Thames and Hudson was founded by Walter Neurath, who had fled Nazi Germany in 1938. The activities of these publishing houses were complemented by those of Albert Skira in Switzerland, who developed the production of art books illustrated with colour plates. After the Second World War, art publishing flourished as never before, with these and other publishers contributing to an expansion of art publishing on an international front which saw the emergence of the ‘coffee table’ book and of popular art books for a wide readership, the publication of international co-editions, and the multiplication of series. However, more art books has not always meant better art books.

scholarly journals Botulinum Toxin in WW2 German and Allied Armies: Failures and Myths of Weaponization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Laurent Tatu ◽  
Jean-Paul Feugeas
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Biological Weapon ◽  
Military Research ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
National Archives ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Second World

Botulinum toxin is nowadays approved as an effective medication for various neurological disorders. The extreme toxicity of this toxin-inducing botulism, a severe lethal muscle-paralyzing illness, has been well known since the seminal works of the end of the 19th century. Because of this toxicity, botulinum toxin was one of the first agents to be considered for use as a biological weapon. The Second World War was a crucial period for the first attempts to weaponize this toxin even if many unknown factors about botulinum toxin still existed at the outbreak of the war. Using documents from the British National Archives and other published sources, we discuss the main points of the attempts to weaponize this toxin in German and Allied armies. During WW2, Allied intelligence services regularly reported a major German threat related to the potential use of botulinum toxin as a biological weapon, especially during the preparation of <i>Operation Overlord</i>, the Allied invasion to liberate Europe. All these reports would ultimately prove to be inaccurate: botulinum toxin was not part of the German military arsenal even if some German scientists tried to use the results of the French pre-war military research. Misinformation spread by intelligence services stimulated military research at Porton Down facilities in England and at Camp Detrick in the USA. These studies led to a succession of failures and myths about the weaponization of botulinum toxin. Nevertheless, major progress (purification, toxoid) arose from the military research, providing useful data for the first steps of the therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in the post-war years.

POCHAYIV'S PUBLISHING CENTER AS FACTOR OF CONSOLIDATION OF UKRAINIAN PEOPLE OF THE XVIII - BEGINNING OF THE XIX CENTURY

2017 ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Valentina Bochkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
Printing Industry ◽  
Cultural Centers ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Close Contacts ◽  
Printing House

Pochaivska Lavra was one of the largest cultural centers in the XVIII - the first third of the XIX century. Pochaivs’ka Lavra Printing house, after the printing house of the Kyiv-Pechers’k Monastery, was one of most powerful publishing center in the Ukrainian lands. Until the end of the XVIII century it published about 250 editions in Cyrillic and about 200 editions in Latin and others languages. At present, relevant is unbiased and objective coverage of all aspects of the activity of the Pochayivs’ka Lavra at the period of the Basilians as the least studied and on the other hand as the most productive period, especially in the book publishing process. The purpose of this article is an attempt to determine the role of the Pochayiv monastery as the center of the unification of Ukrainians, analyzing the repertoire of the Pochayiv publishing house at the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the language of publications, their design and contacts with other publishing houses. It is concluded that the most productive activity of the Pochayiv printing house was Uniate period - XVIII - beginning of the XIX century. The typical features of the printing industry of this time were: a diverse repertoire of books that included the spiritual and secular literature of various Christian confessions, original and translated works of religious moralistic content, multilingual editions, and their high artistic level. The activity of the Pochayiv Assumption printing house extending beyond narrow confessional boundaries. Like the Kyiv editions were used not only by the Orthodox, but also by the Catholics of the Byzantine rite, the Pochaiv books and engravings spread among the Orthodox population of Ukraine. The undoubted merit of this cultural and spiritual center was that it continued the tradition of printing Ukrainian-language publications in conditions where the Kyiv- Pechers’ka printing house was deprived of such a possibility under the pressure of decrees of Russian secular and church authorities. The Pochayiv printing house maintained close contacts with other publishing centers - both Uniate and Orthodox. This is evidenced by the active using and reprint of their publications in Pochaiv. Despite the different denominations, there were close contacts between the Pochayiv Uniate and Kyiv-Pechers’k Orthodox printing houses. This testified to the spiritual unity of Ukrainian lands besides state borders, religious and administrative barriers of secular and church authorities.

scholarly journals Polish musical life in Great Britain during the Second World War

Muzyka ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
Jolanta Guzy-Pasiak
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
String Quartet ◽  
Classical Music ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Musical Life ◽  
Polish Music ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The present article is the first attempt to provide a comprehensive – as much as the available sources allow – presentation of Polish music in Great Britain during the war, without any claims to completeness. The main institution attracting Poles in London was, practically from the beginning of the war, Polish Hearth, founded by Polish artists, scholars and writers. The Polish Musicians of London association with Tadeusz Jarecki organised classical music concerts and published contemporary works by Polish composers. The organisation was instrumental in the founding of the London Polish String Quartet. The BBC Radio played a huge role in the popularisation of the Polish repertoire and Polish artists, broadcasting complete performances. What became an extremely attractive form of promoting Polish art were the performances of the Anglo-Polish Ballet, founded by Czesław Konarski and Alicja Halama in 1940. The post-war reality meant that most of the scores published at the time were arrangements of soldiers’, historical, folk and popular songs characterised by simple musical means suited to the capabilities of army bands, but conveying the spirit accompanying the soldiers of the Polish Armed Forces during the Second World War. Polish Army Choir established, as the first among such ensembles, on Jerzy Kołaczkowski’s initiative.The author hopes to prompt further studies into the history of migrations of artists and work on monographs on the various composers and performers. Undoubtedly, there is a need to bring this part of our musical culture to light, especially given the fact that interest in Polish music abroad has been growing in recent years.

scholarly journals Muddy Waters: Cross Currents in Fundraising and Its Control – 1907–1954

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-298
Author(s):  
Putnam Barber
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
State Governments ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

AbstractDuring the first half of the 20th century, many of the techniques of modern fundraising were developed. During these decades, fundraising demonstrated its potential for supporting important community goals, financing efforts to combat dread diseases, and initiating change in public policies. In this same span of years, community leaders, journalists, and policy makers became increasingly concerned with growing opportunities for inefficient or even downright dishonest fundraising. Local governments, federated fundraising organizers, and nonprofit charity ratings agencies attempted to forestall abuses of the public’s generosity. Further, during the Second World War, the federal government imposed significant controls on fundraising for war-related activities. The year 1954 saw the passage of new laws in two states that anticipated the most common form of charitable solicitations regulation in the second half of the century, a form that is widespread today. This paper traces developments from the end of the 19th century to show how the ground was prepared for post-war efforts by state governments to regulate charitable fundraising.

Wartime apprenticeship: Labour and intelligence during the Second World War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W. B. Lomas
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Coalition Government ◽  
World War ◽  
Special Operations ◽  
Post War ◽  
Economic Warfare ◽  
Second World

Chapter One examines Labour involvement in the wartime Coalition government and Ministerial access to and use of intelligence. It argues that the Second World War provided an important opportunity for future Ministers in the post-war government to gain knowledge and experience of handling and using intelligence. Within months of the coalition’s formation, Labour Ministers had access to the fruits of British codebreaking. Further, the chapter also suggests that this experience ended any lingering animosity that resulted from the Zinoviev Letter Affair. The chapter places particular emphasis on Attlee’s wartime experiences and provides examples of his use of intelligence and early views on it. It also looks at Labour involvement with the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and Party attempts to add an ideological facet to British special operations in Europe under Hugh Dalton, Minister of Economic Warfare until 1942. Beyond intelligence and special operations, Labour involvement with intelligence and security extended to the domestic front with Herbert Morrison, appointed Home Secretary in November 1940. Already a fierce opponent of British Communists, he received the product of MI5’s surveillance of the Communist Party of Great Britain and provided the Cabinet with information warning of Communist espionage.

History of School Meals in Great Britain

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
Patty Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
School Meals ◽  
Early Success ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

This paper describes the early origins of the school meals service, their rapid growth in the second world war, their post war development and their recent retrenchment. The factors contributing to their early success and the problems to be overcome are discussed.

scholarly journals Belarusians on the service of UNR: Oleksandr Maksymovych Zhykhovych (1900-1973). Post scriptum: November’s interrogation in 1953 and the last years of life

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (49) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Serhii Knyrevych ◽  
Olha Zubko
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
World War ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Entire Life ◽  
State Security ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Bank Employees ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

This article contains the material about one of the eleven Belarusian soldiers of the UNR Army, the student of the Ukrainian Economic Academy in Podebrady (CHSR). After surviving the Second World War in Czechoslovakia, Oleksandr Zhykhovych, in 1953 was summoned for questioning by the Czechoslovak-Soviet Committee of State Security, due to his ties to the Ukrainian political emigration of the interwar years. Among the questions, which were interested to the KDB agents, were: the emigration political organizations at the Academy of Economics and their anti-Soviet activities during 1921-1939; employment of Zhykhovych in Khustov Bank and his contacts with the bank employees; the presence of Belarusian political organizations in the environment of the Ukrainian emigration students of the CHSR; personal Zhykhovych’s contribution (as the chief accountant) in the activities of Transcarpathian publishing houses «UNIO» and «Proboiem». This last question was interested to the KDB agents, mostly, since, in the 1950s a brutal war continued between the Soviets and the Ukrainian nationalists. We must note that the first victim of the Soviet-nationalist confrontation personally for Oleksandr Maksymovych Zhykhovych was the arrest (on the eve of his interrogation) of his stepson – Zdenek Nekhanitskyi (10.08.1928). In 1953, he was the head’s assistant of the power plant station named after May 1 in Trshebonitsi (district of Ostrava), a member of the Communist Party of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic of 1945. It was Zdenek Nekhanitskyi, who suffered a forced arrest, the interrogation of his stepfather and investigation, and handed over to Serhii Knyrevych the interrogation protocol. And today, despite a respectable age, Zdenek Nekhanitskyi is trying to find the most precise answer to the question: how did it happen and why his stepfather, an ethnic Belarusian, spent almost his entire life in the Ukrainian political emigration, both interwar and post-war, and left a remarkable footprint there? Keywords: Oleksandr Maksymovych Zhykhovych, Ukrainian People’s Republic, intermilitary emigration, Second World War, publishing houses «UNIO» and «Proboiem», postwar years, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

scholarly journals POCHAYIV'S PUBLISHING CENTER AS FACTOR OF CONSOLIDATION OF UKRAINIAN PEOPLE OF THE XVIII - BEGINNING OF THE XIX CENTURY

2017 ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Valentina Bochkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
Printing Industry ◽  
Cultural Centers ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Close Contacts ◽  
Printing House

Pochaivska Lavra was one of the largest cultural centers in the XVIII - the first third of the XIX century. Pochaivs’ka Lavra Printing house, after the printing house of the Kyiv-Pechers’k Monastery, was one of most powerful publishing center in the Ukrainian lands. Until the end of the XVIII century it published about 250 editions in Cyrillic and about 200 editions in Latin and others languages. At present, relevant is unbiased and objective coverage of all aspects of the activity of the Pochayivs’ka Lavra at the period of the Basilians as the least studied and on the other hand as the most productive period, especially in the book publishing process. The purpose of this article is an attempt to determine the role of the Pochayiv monastery as the center of the unification of Ukrainians, analyzing the repertoire of the Pochayiv publishing house at the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, the language of publications, their design and contacts with other publishing houses. It is concluded that the most productive activity of the Pochayiv printing house was Uniate period - XVIII - beginning of the XIX century. The typical features of the printing industry of this time were: a diverse repertoire of books that included the spiritual and secular literature of various Christian confessions, original and translated works of religious moralistic content, multilingual editions, and their high artistic level. The activity of the Pochayiv Assumption printing house extending beyond narrow confessional boundaries. Like the Kyiv editions were used not only by the Orthodox, but also by the Catholics of the Byzantine rite, the Pochaiv books and engravings spread among the Orthodox population of Ukraine. The undoubted merit of this cultural and spiritual center was that it continued the tradition of printing Ukrainian-language publications in conditions where the Kyiv- Pechers’ka printing house was deprived of such a possibility under the pressure of decrees of Russian secular and church authorities. The Pochayiv printing house maintained close contacts with other publishing centers - both Uniate and Orthodox. This is evidenced by the active using and reprint of their publications in Pochaiv. Despite the different denominations, there were close contacts between the Pochayiv Uniate and Kyiv-Pechers’k Orthodox printing houses. This testified to the spiritual unity of Ukrainian lands besides state borders, religious and administrative barriers of secular and church authorities.

Squatting: The Fight for Decent Shelter, 1970s–1980s

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-50
Author(s):  
John Marsland
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Housing Policies ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
Housing Needs ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

During the twenty years after the Second World War, housing began to be seen as a basic right among many in the west, and the British welfare state included many policies and provisions to provide decent shelter for its citizens. This article focuses on the period circa 1968–85, because this was a time in England when the lack of affordable, secure-tenured housing reached a crisis level at the same time that central and local governmental housing policies received wider scrutiny for their ineffectiveness. My argument is that despite post-war laws and rhetoric, many Britons lived through a housing disaster and for many the most rational way they could solve their housing needs was to exploit loopholes in the law (as well as to break them out right). While the main focus of the article is on young British squatters, there is scope for transnational comparison. Squatters in other parts of the world looked to their example to address the housing needs in their own countries, especially as privatization of public services spread globally in the 1980s and 1990s. Dutch, Spanish, German and American squatters were involved in a symbiotic exchange of ideas and sometimes people with the British squatters and each other, and practices and rhetoric from one place were quickly adopted or rejected based on the success or failure in each place.

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