The Origin of the SARS‑CoV‑2 in the United States as a Biological Weapon

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 virus was first reported in Wuhan China in Dec 2019, since then 279 million have been infected and 5.4 million have died. This has raised the question where did the SARs-CoV-2 virus originate? Methodology: In this study, the literature was reviewed, and the scientific and intelligence evidence assessed. Interviews were made with scientists and victims involved in the creation of the virus in both the United States and China. Results: The evidence suggest that the SARs-CoV-2 virus began as bat virus which was then manipulated in the lab via gain of function research in the United States funded by the National Institutes of Health under Dr. Fauci. This proto-biological weapon was then given to the Chinese and passed through Uighur prisoners. It is hypothesized that the modest common Altaic ancestry between American Native Americans and the Uighur from North Central Asia may in part account for the increased death rates of Native Americans in the United States. Conclusion: The SARS- CoV-2 virus with near scientific certainty originated in the United States as a proto-biological weapon which was further clinically developed in China in a collaborative effort as a biological weapon to target ethnic and racial minorities by both China and the United States.

The COVID-19 - An Agent for Bioterrorism?

Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism where there is intentional release of biological agent (bacteria, virus, fungi or other germs) to cause harm, illness or death of people, livestock and crops. It is an unlawful use of microorganisms to inflict various forms of harm/harmful incidence or injuries in humans, whole population and environment. There are reasons why this COVID-19 global pandemic appears to represent a deliberate act of Bioterrorism. This is occurring at a critical time in the worldwide especially in times of US presidential election cycle. It appears to be worse in males which have implications for military which might be seen as a biological weapon. This has created a market whiplash the large pullback in markets. COVID-19 represents a tremendous opportunity for investment and wealth redistribution like Swine flu pandemic in 2008-2009 when fortunes were made during that recovery.

BIOTERRORISM: THE DEVELOPMENT AND ITS REGULATIONS ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL LAW

The biological weapon used as a terrorism facility (bioterrorism) could endanger the lives of mankind. Besides its purpose of mass destruction, this weapon has been banned from being used towards the human. Bioterrorism threat at least had occurred in more than 30 countries across the globe. In the 14th century, bioterror incidents recorded in black death plagues in Europe caused more than 50 million deaths and vanished more than 60% of its population back then. Because of the bioweapon impacts, there are concerns if this weapon is under irresponsible parties such as the group of terrorists. Several regulations on the prohibition of biological weapons have been made, such as the Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological [Biological] and Toxin Weapons and Their Destruction 1972 (Biological Weapon Convention 1972). However, it seems that they have not solved using biological weapons as a means of terrorism. The purpose of this paper is to find out how international law arrangements regarding bioterrorism. This research used normative legal research with secondary data sources and literature study techniques.

Botulinum Toxin in WW2 German and Allied Armies: Failures and Myths of Weaponization

Botulinum toxin is nowadays approved as an effective medication for various neurological disorders. The extreme toxicity of this toxin-inducing botulism, a severe lethal muscle-paralyzing illness, has been well known since the seminal works of the end of the 19th century. Because of this toxicity, botulinum toxin was one of the first agents to be considered for use as a biological weapon. The Second World War was a crucial period for the first attempts to weaponize this toxin even if many unknown factors about botulinum toxin still existed at the outbreak of the war. Using documents from the British National Archives and other published sources, we discuss the main points of the attempts to weaponize this toxin in German and Allied armies. During WW2, Allied intelligence services regularly reported a major German threat related to the potential use of botulinum toxin as a biological weapon, especially during the preparation of <i>Operation Overlord</i>, the Allied invasion to liberate Europe. All these reports would ultimately prove to be inaccurate: botulinum toxin was not part of the German military arsenal even if some German scientists tried to use the results of the French pre-war military research. Misinformation spread by intelligence services stimulated military research at Porton Down facilities in England and at Camp Detrick in the USA. These studies led to a succession of failures and myths about the weaponization of botulinum toxin. Nevertheless, major progress (purification, toxoid) arose from the military research, providing useful data for the first steps of the therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in the post-war years.

Scientific journalism in the times of pandemic and conspiracy theories

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced the state of the coronavirus outbreak as a pandemic. This has contributed to the deepening of feelings of fear, anger, frustration and dissatis-faction in many people, as well as the emergence of numerous conspiracy theories related to the new coronavirus. These concepts are socially dangerous because, without bringing any positive reactions, they deepen the feeling of fear, panic or even hysteria. Thus, they hinder rational thinking, taking care of one’s own mental health and acting reasonably. This article discusses the most frequently repeated conspiracy theories in public discourse: corona-virus as a Chinese biological weapon, SARS-CoV-2 as an American biological weapon, the coronavirus created by the USA for profit, SARS-CoV-2 created or developed by Jews, the virus as an element of spy action, the pandemic as a population control program, and 5G as the cause of the pandemic.

Graphene: the magic carbon derived biological weapon for human welfare

Graphene plays an etiologic role for the new edge drug designing in the area of therapeutic management of myriads of diseases. Several researchers have experimentally validated the use of graphene and its derivative either in chemical form or in their nano-form to provide a longer and better life to the patients suffering from cancer, diabetes, etc. In this review, we have tried to focus on the literature to understand molecular docking-based role of graphene as an anti-cancer and anti-diabetic therapeutic tool which is very pertinent in the extensive arena of pharmacology, from pharmacovigilance to pharmacodynamics and kinetics, that ameliorates and concords with the modern scientific approaches of disease management.

Predicting Biosecurity Threats: Deployment and Detection of Biological Weapons

Understanding what kinds of biological weapons can be made with what sort of technology and by whom is an important component of biosecurity. An equally important component is understanding the different potential targets a biological weapon could be designed to attack, how the weapon would be deployed against these targets, and the available strategies to detect the creation and deployment of an illegal biological weapon. Understanding how a weapon could be deployed against specific targets affords decision makers a better picture of the current state and capabilities of biowarfare and bioterrorism that need to be protected against. Understanding current detection capabilities allows for a more informed discussion on biosecurity tools, and, more importantly, allows for the identification of critical gaps and research needs to improve risk-screening, detection, environmental remediation, and various other normatively beneficial and legitimate uses of emerging biotechnologies (Trump et al. 2020a). These two topic areas are discussed in this chapter.