scholarly journals The Influence of Fish Oil on Neurological Development and Function

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noran M. Abu-Ouf ◽  
Mohammed M. Jan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
And Function

Fish oil originates from fish tissue rich in omega-3 fatty acids. These include eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Healthy individuals are advised to consume foods rich in fish oil at least twice a week. However, such intake varies depending on cultural or personal preference, and socio-economic status. Many families and patients with chronic neurological conditions consume supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids. We are frequently requested to give advice and recommendations on using such agents to help improve neurological developmental and cognitive functions. The objective of this review is to discuss the available literature supporting the role of fish oils on brain development and function. There is a growing body of literature suggesting a potential benefit of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; however it is still unclear if there are response variations according to the developmental stage, age, and dose.

scholarly journals Omega-3 fatty acids accelerate fledging in an avian marine predator: a potential role of cognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (4) ◽  
pp. jeb235929
Author(s):  
Jessika Lamarre ◽  
Sukhinder Kaur Cheema ◽  
Gregory J. Robertson ◽  
David R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Marine Predator ◽  
Top Predators

ABSTRACTConsuming omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) during development improves cognition in mammals, but the effect remains untested in other taxa. In aquatic ecosystems, n-3 LCPUFAs are produced by phytoplankton and bioaccumulate in the food web. Alarmingly, the warming and acidification of aquatic systems caused by climate change impair n-3 LCPUFA production, with an anticipated decrease of 80% by the year 2100. We tested whether n-3 LCPUFA consumption affects the physiology, morphology, behaviour and cognition of the chicks of a top marine predator, the ring-billed gull. Using a colony with little access to n-3 LCPUFAs, we supplemented siblings from 22 fenced nests with contrasting treatments from hatching until fledging; one sibling received n-3 LCPUFA-rich fish oil and the other, a control sucrose solution without n-3 LCPUFAs. Halfway through the nestling period, half the chicks receiving fish oil were switched to the sucrose solution to test whether n-3 LCPUFA intake remains crucial past the main growth phase (chronic versus transient treatments). Upon fledging, n-3 LCPUFAs were elevated in the blood and brains of chicks receiving the chronic treatment, but were comparable to control levels among those receiving the transient treatment. Across the entire sample, chicks with elevated n-3 LCPUFAs in their tissues fledged earlier despite their morphology and activity levels being unrelated to fledging age. Fledging required chicks to escape fences encircling their nest. We therefore interpret fledging age as a possible indicator of cognition, with chicks with improved cognition fledging earlier. These results provide insight into whether declining dietary n-3 LCPUFAs will compromise top predators' problem-solving skills, and thus their ability to survive in a rapidly changing world.

Abstract 266: Role of Marine Long-chain Monounsaturated Fatty Acid in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Possible Mechanism to Reduce the Atherosclerosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Hong Yang ◽  
Boris Vaisman ◽  
Milton Pryor ◽  
Masahiro Bando ◽  
Daiju Fukuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Ppar Signaling ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Long Chain

Numerous studies have shown cardiovascular benefits of fish oil, and most of these favorable effects have been attributed to omega-3 fatty acids. Fish oils, however, also contain varying amounts of other unusual types of fatty acids, such as long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFA; i.e., C20:1 and C22:1 isomers combined). Compared with well-studied omega-3, limited information is available on the role of LCMUFA on cardiovascular disease. In the current study, we examined the effect of saury fish oil-derived LCMUFA concentrate on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient and LDLR-deficient mice. Male ApoE-deficient mice were fed a western diet supplemented with 5% LCMUFA concentrate or not (control) for 12 weeks. En face Sudan IV staining of the aorta revealed that LCMUFA significantly suppressed the development of atherosclerotic lesions, and down-regulated inflammatory gene expression. In LDLR-deficient female mice, we also observed that 12-week supplementation of 2% LCMUFA on a western diet significantly decreased atherosclerosis lesion areas and accumulation of macrophages, compared with western diet (control) or western diet supplemented with 2% olive oil enriched in shorter-chain MUFA oleic acid (C18:1). There were no differences, however, in plasma or hepatic lipid profiles between the three groups. LCMUFA, but not olive oil, also significantly suppressed several plasma inflammatory cytokine levels. RNA sequencing and subsequent qPCR analyses revealed that LCMUFA upregulated PPAR signaling pathways in liver. In cell culture studies, apoB-depleted plasma from the LCMUFA group promoted cholesterol efflux from macrophage-like THP-1 cells and ABCA1-overexpressing BHK cells. LCMUFA also suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages. In conclusion, our research showed for the first time that LCMUFA consumption could protects against atherosclerosis, possibly by upregulating the PPAR signaling pathway. Omega-3 fatty acids are generally considered the major active components in fish lipids, but our findings provide new insights into potential health effect of LCMUFA-rich fish oil and suggest that LCMUFA-rich fish oil may also be beneficial for reducing cardiovascular disease risk.

The role of omega-3 fatty acids in skeletal muscle anabolism, strength, and function in healthy and diseased states

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. e12435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeanyi D. Nwachukwu ◽  
Trevor M. Kouritzin ◽  
Rotimi E. Aluko ◽  
Semone B. Myrie
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
And Function

Fish oil plus wheat germ oil have no prominent effect on homocysteine levels and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hadeer Zakaria ◽  
Tarek M. Mostafa ◽  
Gamal A. El-Azab ◽  
Nagy AH Sayed-Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Nutritional Indices ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Wheat Germ Oil ◽  
Serum Homocysteine

Abstract. Background: Elevated homocysteine levels and malnutrition are frequently detected in hemodialysis patients and are believed to exacerbate cardiovascular comorbidities. Omega-3 fatty acids have been postulated to lower homocysteine levels by up-regulating metabolic enzymes and improving substrate availability for homocysteine degradation. Additionally, it has been suggested that prevention of folate depletion by vitamin E consumption decreases homocysteine levels. However, data on the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or vitamin E on homocysteine levels and nutritional status have been inconclusive. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the effect of combined supplementation of fish oil, as a source of omega-3 fatty acids, with wheat germ oil, as a source of vitamin E, on homocysteine and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-six hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to two equally-sized groups; a supplemented group who received 3000 mg/day of fish oil [1053 mg omega-3 fatty acids] plus 300 mg/day of wheat germ oil [0.765 mg vitamin E], and a matched placebo group who received placebo capsules for 4 months. Serum homocysteine and different nutritional indices were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Twenty patients in each group completed the study. At the end of the study, there were no significant changes in homocysteine levels and in the nutritional indices neither in the supplemented nor in the placebo-control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Fish oil and wheat germ oil combination did not produce significant effects on serum homocysteine levels and nutritional indices of hemodialysis patients.

scholarly journals Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Fish Oil from Whole Fish and by-Products of Baltic Herring (Clupea harengus membras)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1811
Author(s):  
Ella Aitta ◽  
Alexis Marsol-Vall ◽  
Annelie Damerau ◽  
Baoru Yang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Baltic Herring ◽  
By Products

Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) is one of the most abundant commercially caught fish species from the Baltic Sea. Despite the high content of fat and omega-3 fatty acids, the consumption of Baltic herring has decreased dramatically over the last four decades, mostly due to the small sizes and difficulty in processing. At the same time there is an increasing global demand for fish and fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids. This study aimed to investigate enzyme-assisted oil extraction as an environmentally friendly process for valorizing the underutilized fish species and by-products to high quality fish oil for human consumption. Three different commercially available proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase®, Neutrase® and Protamex®) and two treatment times (35 and 70 min) were investigated in the extraction of fish oil from whole fish and by-products from filleting of Baltic herring. The oil quality and stability were studied with peroxide- and p-anisidine value analyses, fatty acid analysis with GC-FID, and volatile compounds with HS-SPME-GC-MS. Overall, longer extraction times led to better oil yields but also increased oxidation of the oil. For whole fish, the highest oil yields were from the 70-min extractions with Neutrase and Protamex. Protamex extraction with 35 min resulted in the best fatty acid composition with the highest content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) but also increased oxidation compared to treatment with other enzymes. For by-products, the highest oil yield was obtained from the 70-min extraction with Protamex without significant differences in EPA and DHA contents among the oils extracted with different enzymes. Oxidation was lowest in the oil produced with 35-min treatment using Neutrase and Protamex. This study showed the potential of using proteolytic enzymes in the extraction of crude oil from Baltic herring and its by-products. However, further research is needed to optimize enzymatic processing of Baltic herring and its by-products to improve yield and quality of crude oil.

Cardioprotective effects of omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil and it enhances autoimmunity in porcine cardiac myosin-induced myocarditis in the rat model

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling-Yan Li ◽  
Xu Wang ◽  
Ting-Chuan Zhang ◽  
Zong-Jun Liu ◽  
Jun-Qing Gao
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiac Myosin ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Autoimmune Myocarditis ◽  
Tuna Fish ◽  
Fame Analysis ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Abstract This experiment proposed to investigate the efficiency of omega 3 fatty acids from fish that improves autoimmune against myocarditis in the rat. Fish oil was extracted from fresh Tuna fish and performed FAME analysis and mice bioassay. The autoimmune myocarditis was induced by subcutaneous injection of porcine cardiac myosin (PCM) into the footpads of rats on the first and seventh day. Rats were dissected on the 21st day to analyze the histopathological, hemodynamic, echocardiographic factors, and immunohistochemistry expressions. In the study, 73.90% of total fatty acids were recorded. Histological analysis revealed that omega 3 fatty acids administrated groups showed tremendous development in the multifocal myocardia hyaline degeneration and necrosis with inflammatory changes. Moreover, omega 3 fatty acids inhabited the expressions of inflammatory cells (CD4, CD8 and CD11b) and suppressed the level of NF-κB. The echocardiographic factors such as heartbeat, SBP, DBP, levels of LVDs, LVDd, LVPW percentage of LVFS, EF, expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IFN-ɤ, IL-2, and IL-6) also significantly suppressed by omega 3 fatty acids. Hence, the present study proved that consuming fatty acid-enriched fish might be a successful therapy for improving the inflammatory profile, regenerates the heart tissues, and controlled the production of inflammatory cells.

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