3. Physical Proof that the Geometric Mean of any Number of Quantities is less than the Arithmetic Mean

1869 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 309-309
Author(s):  
Tait
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Absolute Zero ◽  
Present Problem ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Masses

If a number of equal masses of the same material be given, at different temperatures, and enclosed in an envelope impervious to heat, they will finally assume a common temperature; which is the arithmetic mean of the initial temperatures, if the material be one whose specific heat does not vary with temperature.But they may be brought to a common temperature by means of reversible thermodynamic engines employed to obtain the utmost amount of work from the initial unequal distribution. This question was first investigated by Thomson (Phil. Mag. 1853, “On the Restoration of Energy from an unequally heated Space”), and the application of his method to the present problem shows that the final common temperature of the masses, when as much work as possible has been obtained from them, is the geometric mean of the initial temperatures; but this investigation introduces the condition that the temperatures must be measured from the absolute zero.

Temperature-dependent Specific Heats of Dry Soil Materials

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Kay ◽  
J. B. Goit
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Functional Relation ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
Proportionality Constant ◽  
Single Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
The Absolute

Specific heat measurements have been made on several soil materials at different temperatures in order to obtain a generalized functional relation between specific heat and temperature. Specific heats were found to vary linearly with temperature from 200 to 300 °K (−73 °C to + 27 °C) and extrapolated close to zero at 0 °K. Consequently, the functional relation between specific heat and temperature for soil materials may be approximated as Cp = mT where Cp is the specific heat, T is the absolute temperature (°K), and m is a proportionality constant. Such a relation permits the prediction of the specific heats at any temperature normally encountered in the field once reliable specific heats have been determined at a single temperature.

Cosmological Entropy and Seeking of Genesis of Time

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1336-1345
Author(s):  
Rakesh Teja Konduru
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Absolute Zero ◽  
Zero Temperature ◽  
Space Curvature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Acceleration And Deceleration ◽  
Negative Space ◽  
The Absolute

Influenced with symmetry of entropy and time in nature, we tried to invoke relation between entropy and time in space-time with new dimension. And also provided how Hubble’s constant related with entropy of universe. Discussed about how entropy of universe behaves at different temperatures and at different time values of universe. We showed that age of universe is equivalent to Hubble’s constant. And showed how naturally entropy arrives from the manipulations in gravity from Einstein’s equation “00”. And from these results we concluded that universe is isotropic, homogeneous with negative space curvature i.e. K= -1 but not flat K=0 (which doesn’t explain acceleration and deceleration of universe). From these results of gravity, entropy, temperature and time we discussed the genesis of time. And proposed that at absolute zero temperature universe survives as a superconductor and that particular temperature is called as “Critical Absolute Temperature (TAB). And genesis of time occurs at first fluxon repulsion in the absolute zero temperature of universe. 

scholarly journals VI. The value of the mechanical equivalent of heat, deduced from some experiments performed with the vieiv of establishing the relation between the electrical and mechanical units; together with an investigation into the capacity for heat of water at different temperatures

1893 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 361-504 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Fundamental Unit ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Mechanical Equivalent ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Work Done

The necessity for a re-determination of the value of the mechanical equivalent may not be obvious at first sight. The classic determinations by Joule have undergone but little alteration at the hands of succeeding observers, and the researches of Rowland (1879) into this matter were of such an exhaustive nature that there would appear to be little room left for farther investigation. It should, however, remembered that even Joule’s later determinations differ by as much as1 part in 100*; and that marvellous as is the agreement, amongst themselves, of the results obtained by Rowland, they, since his method of investigation was unaltered throughout, stand in need of confirmation by different methods of observation. Again, Rowland, as far as I have been able to ascertain, stands practically alone in his conclusion that the specific heat of water diminishes as the temperature rises from 0° to 30° C. I t is difficult to conceive of a more important investigation (for the purposes of accurate physical measurements) than the determination of the capacity for heat of water at different temperatures, and it is to me a matter of extreme surprise that greater efforts have not been made to trace the variation (if any) in its value. The science of calorimetry must be regarded as in its infancy so long as its fundamental unit is a matter of doubt. Other observers who have attempted to obtain the value of the mechanical equivalent, by means of the work done by an electric current, have been hampered by constant perplexities as to the absolute values of the electrical units adopted. The science of electrical measurements has now arrived at such a stage that its units may be regarded as sufficiently established,t and, therefore, the time seems parti­cularly appropriate for an enquiry into the relation between those units and the mechanical ones.

On Statistics of Log-Ratio of Arithmetic Mean to Geometric Mean for Nakagami-m Fading Power

2012 ◽  
Vol E95-B (2) ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
Ning WANG ◽  
Julian CHENG ◽  
Chintha TELLAMBURA
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Log Ratio

The Third Law of Thermodynamics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Sherwood ◽  
Paul Dalby
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Zero ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Third Law ◽  
The Absolute

The Third Law was introduced in Chapter 9; this chapter develops the Third Law more fully, introducing absolute entropies, and examining how adiabatic demagnetisation can be used to approach the absolute zero of temperature.

scholarly journals Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage: the need to extend protection to the point of use

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Clasen ◽  
Andrew Bastable
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Arithmetic Mean ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Female Head ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
And Storage

Paired water samples were collected and analysed for thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) from 20 sources (17 developed or rehabilitated by Oxfam and 3 others) and from the stored household water supplies of 100 households (5 from each source) in 13 towns and villages in the Kailahun District of Sierra Leone. In addition, the female head of the 85 households drawing water from Oxfam improved sources was interviewed and information recorded on demographics, hygiene instruction and practices, sanitation facilities and water collection and storage practices. At the non-improved sources, the arithmetic mean TTC load was 407/100 ml at the point of distribution, rising to a mean count of 882/100 ml at the household level. Water from the improved sources met WHO guidelines, with no faecal contamination. At the household level, however, even this safe water was subject to frequent and extensive faecal contamination; 92.9% of stored household samples contained some level of TTC, 76.5% contained more than the 10 TTC per 100 ml threshold set by the Sphere Project for emergency conditions. The arithmetic mean TTC count for all samples from the sampled households was 244 TTC per 100 ml (geometric mean was 77). These results are consistent with other studies that demonstrate substantial levels of faecal contamination of even safe water during collection, storage and access in the home. They point to the need to extend drinking water quality beyond the point of distribution to the point of consumption. The options for such extended protection, including improved collection and storage methods and household-based water treatment, are discussed.

The specific heats of three paramagnetic salts at very low temperatures

1956 ◽  
Vol 237 (1210) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Heat ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Magnesium Nitrate ◽  
Paramagnetic Resonance ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
Ammonium Alum ◽  
Relaxation Measurements ◽  
Ferric Ammonium ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Measured Specific Heat

The specific heats of three paramagnetic salts, neodymium magnesium nitrate, manganous ammonium sulphate and ferric ammonium alum, have been measured at temperatures below 1°K using the method of γ -ray heating. The temperature measurements were made in the first instance in terms of the magnetic susceptibilities of the salts, the relation of the susceptibility to the absolute temperature having been determined for each salt in earlier experiments. The γ -ray heatings gave the specific heat in arbitrary units. The absolute values of the specific heats were found by extrapolating the results of paramagnetic relaxation measurements at higher temperatures. The measured specific heat of neodymium magnesium nitrate is compared with the value calculated from paramagnetic resonance data, and good agreement is found.

Temperatures Near the Absolute Zero

1947 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 451-457
Author(s):  
Simon A. Weissman
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Zero ◽  
The Absolute
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