Core values for sustainable development

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Westing
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Environmental Values ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
World War ◽  
Second World

SummaryThe cultural norms or core values for sustainable development are an amalgamation of core social values and core environmental values. Widely-shared core social values became strikingly articulated following the Second World War via such instruments as the 1948 Genocide Convention and the 1948 Human Rights Declaration. By contrast, widely-shared core environmental values did not surface until some two decades after the Second World War, being first clearly expressed in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration, to be followed by the 1982 World Charter for Nature and, more recently, by the 1992 Rio Declaration. I find that whereas the emerging core social values have until quite recently been essentially innocent of environmental concerns, the emerging core environmental values have been from the start generally couched in social terms.Key ethical issues regarding the cultural norms underlying sustainable development include the questions of how to strike a proper balance between anthropocentric and ecocen-tric justifications; and a proper apportionment of the global biosphere between humankind and the other life on earth. Several lines of evidence suggest to me that the environmental and social strands of widely-shared core values for sustainable development are beginning to merge, and that there has begun to occur a slow but progressive development in mainstream thinking toward a recognition of an unbreakable link between social development and environmental conservation.A number of major stumbling blocks to the achievement of sustainable development exist of course, amongst them the imbalance between human numbers plus needs and available natural resources, the prevalence of totalitarian and corrupt regimes, and the ineffective system of peaceful world governance. Despite obstacles to sustainable development, a trend towards a commitment to it seems evident in such components of society as governments, intergovernmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, academia, religious bodies, and grass-roots movements.

Adjudication of International Crime in the Netherlands

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roel van Rossum
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
International Crime ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
World War ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

During the Second World War, the government of the Netherlands realized that it had no adequate penalization system in place for wartime offences. Thus, the Criminal Law Wartime Occupation Decree of 22 December 1943 (BBS, Stb. D 61) was enacted to penalize offences committed during wartime. This emergency legislation was recognized as legally valid after the war. It then took until the Wartime Offences Act of 10 July 1952 (effective date 5 August 1952, the “WOS”) for wartime offences to be subjected to specific penalties. This was followed by separate statutes penalizing genocide (Genocide Convention Implementation Act of 2 July 1964, effective date 24 October 1970) and torture (Torture Convention Implementation Act of 29 September 1988, effective date 20 January 1989).

Cleansing the Nation: Urban Entertainments and Moral Reform in Interwar Japan

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELISE K. TIPTON
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Moral Reform ◽  
World War ◽  
Governmental Support ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World

AbstractThis article focuses on Japanese government restrictions and regulation of urban entertainments during the 1920s and 1930s as examples of attempts to rectify what was perceived as the declining morals of a modernizing, industrializing Japanese society. In this respect it adds another dimension to depictions of the Second World War as opposition to the cultural as well as political hegemony of the major Western powers. However, although war no doubt gave added impetus to the state's desire to unify popular support and sense of loyalty to the nation, morality campaigns had been initiated even before war had become an imminent possibility. Restrictions were imposed on cafés, dance halls and other modern entertainments, representing opposition to Westernizing, modernizing trends in social values and behaviour that had become prominent in the cities during the 1920s—individualism, materialism, sexuality, and more particularly, female sexuality. Middle class Protestants played a significant role in promoting and shaping these policies. Although such reformers disagreed with the government on other matters, they actively enlisted governmental support to carry out a moral cleansing of the ‘spiritual pests’ infesting the nation.

scholarly journals Det negative omslag i ‘Aldrig igen!’ – om historiepolitiske manipulationer af moralske imperativer

2018 ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Ditte Marie Munch Hansen
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Categorical Imperative ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Ethnic Violence ◽  
Philosophical Analysis ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
World War ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Second World

In Negative Dialektik, Theodor W. Adorno claimed that after the Second World War a new categorical imperative was imposed on mankind: namely, to prevent Auschwitz – or something similar – from happening again. Today – 60 years after the United Nations Genocide Convention came into effect – it is difficult to remain optimistic about the preventive character of Adorno’s “Never Again!” imperative. In spite of its existence, the second half of the 20th Century was filled with ethnic violence andgenocide. This article undertakes a philosophical analysis of the “Never Again!” refrain and questions whether this new imperative is as preventive as we assume. The analysis looks at how Serbian nationalism used (and misused) history and expressions as “Never again!”. This example shows us that the impulse of moral abhorrence in “Never again!” does not necessarily lead to preventing atrocity, but can be an incitement to initiate new ones.

Transmedia Sai-lou: The evolution of Hong Kong’s core values through comics, film and street protests

Asian Cinema ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-168
Author(s):  
Wendy Siuyi Wong
Keyword(s):  
Core Values ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Student Leaders ◽  
Comic Strip ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
News Reports ◽  
The Core ◽  
Bruce Lee ◽  
Second World

In this article, I investigate the evolution of the core values of the Hong Kong people through the term Sai-lou 細路, by means of storytelling in a transmedia context and with a focus on different historical stages, from approximately the end of the Second World War to the 2014 Umbrella Movement. Using the late 1930s four-panel comic strip, Sai-lou Cheung 細路祥 (Kiddy Cheung) created by Yuan Bou-wan 袁步雲 (1922–95) as the origin work for the term, this study examines the core values reflected in the 1950s film Sai-lou Cheung細路祥 (The Kid or My Son A-Chang) starring 9-year-old Bruce Lee, the 1999 film Sai-lou Cheung 細路祥 (Little Cheung) directed by Fruit Chan as well as news reports of the 2014 sit-in street protests whose student leaders the public regarded as Sai-lou 細路 (‘kids’).

Genocidal Intent Before the Icty

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Tournaye
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Second World War ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
World War ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
Second World

Several crimes recognized in international criminal law are intimately linked to the horrors of the holocaust. Persecution, extermination, and genocide are historically intertwined notions that in all minds refer to the ordeal of the Jewish people before and during the Second World War. This is particularly so with genocide. The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (the ‘Genocide Convention’) is a legal answer to the holocaust. Yet, as any legal notion, genocide goes beyond the characterisation of a specific historical tragedy. It is fated to evolve through legal interpretation, which operates pursuant to certain rules and principles that only subsidiarily rely on the drafting history.

scholarly journals DEGENERATING DISCURSIVE ATTEMPTS IN THE BALKANS TO ALTER THE LEGAL DEFINITION AND CONTENT OF THE CONCEPT OF GENOCIDE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teoman Ertuğrul Tulun
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Crime ◽  
Second World War ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
World War ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Second World

Raphael Lemkin, a Polish lawyer of Jewish ancestry, coined the term of genocide in 1944. The period in which Lemkin coined the term coincides with the Second World War. He started to write his most significant work, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, in 1942. He formulated his work in Nazi Germany's and other Axis Power's occupation policy especially in Poland and the Soviet Union. Lemkin's central insight was to deduce from these occupation regulations that the Germans intended to reorganize Europe along racial lines, which would entail mass murder and the suppression of other cultures. Lemkin modified his initial proposals on genocide formulated in the Axis Rule in Occupied Europe and advocated that the newly formed United Nations should sponsor a treaty to prevent genocide and use its machinery to enforce it. On December 11, 1946, one year after the final armistice, the UN General Assembly unanimously passed a resolution which stressed that "The punishment of the crime of genocide is a matter of international concern."In the ensuing period, The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 December 1948. According to the Genocide Convention, genocide is a crime that can take place both in times of war and in the time of peace. The concept of genocide, which Lemkin brought to the agenda and tried to make it an international crime, was fully established on a legal basis by adopting the legally binding Genocide Convention. The Genocide Convention should not be eroded, and the term genocide, which has a strict legal definition, should not be used randomly. Recently statements were made that will erode the genocide convention, especially in the Balkans. Statements by the President of Croatia, Zoran Milanovic, downplaying the Srebrenica Genocide are example. Speaking to the press in the city of Komija on the Croatian island of Vis, Milanovic, answering a question on whether he considered Srebrenica a genocide, recently said the following: "I say yes, but then for some more serious crimes, we have to invent another name. I respect other people's sacrifices, but not everything is the same. If everything is genocide, we will have to find another name for what the Nazis and the German machinery did to the Jews in the Second World War. It is the Holocaust, but it is also genocide. Not every victim is the same, it is relativization.'' Considering that certain EU countries have been recently bringing up revisionist views and suggestions regarding the Balkans, we cannot ignore the possibility that Milanovic will jump on the bandwagon of producing "brilliant" ideas. In this context, it suffices to recall the Slovenian Prime Minister's plan (as the Slovenian EU presidency) to dismember Bosnia and Herzegovina, reorganize the borders of Croatia, Serbia, Albania, and Kosovo..The statements of Milanovic in this respect are also noteworthy in that they seriously question the current legal basis and framework of the crime of genocide.These statements will inevitably have repercussions both in the Balkans and internationally. It should be noted that any misuse of the term genocide based on shallow political interests will constitute an utter disservice to the fundamental principles of maintaining international peace, security, and stability as enshrined in the UN Charter. In terms of the Balkans, as mentioned above, it is noteworthy that revisionist discourses have recently come from countries such as Slovenia and Croatia, which are both NATO and EU members. It is disappointing that these countries, instead of playing a role that strengthens security and stability in the Balkans, play a role that disrupts security and stability. Member states of these influential international and supranational organizations are naturally expected to be much more careful in ensuring and maintaining security and stability in the Balkans. If there is a danger of fire in an area, instead of throwing flammable materials into the area, it is necessary to try to prevent the fire hazard. As AVİM, we hope that rhetoric and policies to the contrary will not be accepted in both NATO and the EU.

scholarly journals The environmental dimension of sustainable development: البعد البيئي للتنمية المستدامة

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noureddine Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
World War ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Second World

Since the Second World War, what has been called the development economics, which made the developed countries seek to achieve this development and at all levels economically, politically, socially and humanly, these countries sought to achieve all this and already reached what they wanted without taking into account this nature or the environment and what will happen? And what will happen to future generations? The concept of sustainable development emerged at the end of the last decade of the twentieth century. This concept was similar to the previous developmental concepts. It is concerned with satisfying the needs of the present and achieving social welfare, but not at the expense of future generations. Through the conservation of all natural resources, taking into account the environment that must be maintained and integrated into the policies of economic and social development from here emerged the importance of sustainable development, which takes into account the economy and Leah and the community.

scholarly journals Os valores sociais na recuperação econômica do Japão após a segunda guerra mundial

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 27-41
Author(s):  
Elvino José Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Social Values ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

It is very important to try to understand the Japanese miracle investigating the economic process as a whole trying to find out new values outside the rationality behavior proposed by the Economy Theory. It is our purpose in this work to throw more light on the subject drawing the reader’s attention for the social values that were so important in order to recover Japanese Economy after Second World War.

The Law and Genocide

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Schabas
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Second World War ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Second World

This article discusses genocide as a legal concept. The crime of genocide has been incorporated within the national legal systems of many countries, where national legislators have imposed their own views on the term, some of them varying slightly or even considerably from the established international definition. The term itself was invented by a lawyer, Raphael Lemkin. He intended to fill a gap in international law, as it then stood in the final days of the Second World War. Over the years, the limited definition of genocide in the 1948 Genocide Convention has provoked much criticism and many proposals for reform. But by the 1990s, when international criminal law went through a period of stunning developments, it was the atrophied concept of crimes against humanity that emerged as the best legal tool to address atrocities.

scholarly journals Massacre or Genocide? Redefining the Sook Ching

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-107
Author(s):  
Lauralei Singsank
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Genocide Convention ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
Chinese Men ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Screening Procedures ◽  
Second World ◽  
Chinese Term

Sook Ching is a Chinese term meaning “purge through cleansing.” Operation Sook Ching took place in Singapore from February 21 to March 4, 1942. It was a military operation carried out by the Japanese with the intent of executing anti-Japanese Chinese men between the ages of 18 and 50. Ultimately, it is impossible to know exactly how many people were killed; the official Japanese figure is 5,000, while unofficial estimates reach as high as 50,000. Men were called into screening centers where disorganized screening procedures determined if they were anti-Japanese. The Sook Ching’s legacy lives on as one of the greatest tragedies in Singapore’s history. The intent of this paper is to argue for a redefinition of the Sook Ching as a genocide rather than a massacre. The cornerstones of this research are the United Nations’ Genocide Convention and contemporary sources discussing the crime. This research is important because it sets a precedent of accountability, as well as acknowledging the crimes the Japanese committed during the Second World War. This thesis will discuss the Sook Ching, its legacy, and the steps required to address the incident and right the wrongs that occurred. It will also examine the racial and political environment that set the stage for the tragedy, as well as the scars it left behind.

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