Protected Areas: offering security to whom, when and where?

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALICE B. KELLY ◽  
A. CLARE GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Term Management ◽  
Over Time

SUMMARYThis study considers the issue of security in the context of protected areas in Cameroon and Botswana. Though the literature on issues of security and well-being in relation to protected areas is extensive, there has been less discussion of how and in what ways these impacts and relationships can change over time, vary with space and differ across spatial scales. Looking at two very different historical trajectories, this study considers the heterogeneity of the security landscapes created by Waza and Chobe protected areas over time and space. This study finds that conservation measures that various subsets of the local population once considered to be ‘bad’ (e.g. violent, exclusionary protected area creation) may be construed as ‘good’ at different historical moments and geographical areas. Similarly, complacency or resignation to the presence of a park can be reversed by changing environmental conditions. Changes in the ways security (material and otherwise) has fluctuated within these two protected areas has implications for the long-term management and funding strategies of newly created and already existing protected areas today. This study suggests that parks must be adaptively managed not only for changing ecological conditions, but also for shifts in a protected area's social, political and economic context.

scholarly journals Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: definition, pathophysiology, clinical spectrum, insights into acute and long-term management

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1309-1316
Author(s):  
Mahesh Gajendran ◽  
Joshua Sifuentes ◽  
Mohammad Bashashati ◽  
Richard McCallum
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Control ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Clinical Entity ◽  
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome ◽  
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Attacks ◽  
Hot Baths ◽  
Term Management ◽  
Cyclic Vomiting

Although cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) was first reported more than 15 years ago, it still remains an unfamiliar clinical entity among physicians worldwide. CHS is categorized by Rome IV classification as a functional gastroduodenal disorder. It is characterized by stereotypical episodic vomiting in the setting of chronic, daily cannabis use, with cycles decreasing by the cessation of cannabis. CHS is also associated with abdominal pain reduced by hot baths and showers with comparative well-being between attacks. Thus, its clinical presentation resembles ‘classic’ cyclic vomiting syndrome, but eliciting a cannabis history is crucial in diagnosing this entity. In acute attacks, parenteral benzodiazepines are very effective. For prevention and long-term management, tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline are the mainstay of therapy requiring doses in the range of 50–200 mg/d to achieve symptom control. In addition, counseling to achieve marijuana cessation, accompanied by antianxiety medications, is necessary for sustaining clinical outcomes. Once the patient is in remission and off marijuana for a period of 6–12 months, then tapering the dose of amitriptyline can be implemented, with the goal of no therapy being achieved in the majority of patients over time. With the legalization of marijuana in many states, CHS will become an increasingly prevalent clinical entity, so educating about CHS is an important goal, particularly for emergency department physicians who generally first encounter these patients.

scholarly journals The social context for conservation: amphibians in human-shaped landscapes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor Hartel ◽  
Ben C Scheele ◽  
Laurentiu Rozylowicz ◽  
Andra Horcea-Milcu ◽  
Dan Cogalniceanu
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Amphibian Conservation ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Natural Landscapes

Many human-shaped landscapes support viable amphibian populations due to the habitats created and/or maintained as a consequence of human actions. The challenges and approaches required to achieve the persistence of amphibians in human-shaped landscapes are markedly different from approaches commonly applied in protected areas. Contrary to protected areas or natural landscapes where amphibian conservationists can have direct control over management, in human-shaped landscapes, management options are best approached through understanding local communities’ values and socio-economic aspirations. However, consideration of the social aspects of amphibian conservation are vastly under-represented in the amphibian conservation literature. We propose that amphibian conservationists should: (i) assess the controllability of their mitigation actions for achieving long-term sustainability, (ii) understand the values and attitudes of individual landowners towards amphibians and amphibian-friendly management (local scale) and land stewardship on which amphibian conservation initiatives can be built (landscape scale), and (iii) understand the social and economic drivers of land-use change operating at regional levels, which is crucial for building adaptive potential in conservation programs. Since targeted amphibian conservation initiatives are limited in many human-shaped landscapes, consideration of the socio-economic context conducive to amphibian persistence is crucial.

Orthodontic Treatment and Long-Term Management of a Patient with Marfan Syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Momotoshi Shiga ◽  
Takuya Ogawa ◽  
Issareeya Ekprachayakoon ◽  
Keiji Moriyama
Keyword(s):  
Marfan Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Term Management ◽  
Over Time

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is caused by abnormal systemic connective tissue. The main clinical manifestations include long limbs, long slender fingers, lens subluxation, abnormal cardiac valves, and aortic aneurysm. We report the case of an 11-year-old patient with MFS who underwent orthodontic treatment and was followed up until the age of 25 years. We found no significant differences in tooth movement between the patient with MFS and healthy subjects. However, because patients with MFS show characteristic facial growth and an increased risk of developing systemic comorbidities, their dental status requires careful observation over time.

scholarly journals Understanding Human–Nature Connections Through Landscape Socialization

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7593
Author(s):  
Li-Pei Peng
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Land Use Policies ◽  
Analytical Tools

Understanding the landscape socialization underpinning the human–nature relationship is essential because it can contribute to assisting us to reconnect with nature. Reconnecting to nature is increasingly recognized as positively contributing to health and well-being. This study aimed to understand people’s connections with nature through landscape socialization under different land use policies. The study assumed that social values, as perceived by residents, facilitates their landscape socialization. Using a questionnaire measuring sense of community and the Social Values for Ecosystem Services application as analytical tools, the study assessed how residents with varying educational attainment, sense of community, and grounded occupation differ in identifying with conservation- and recreation-oriented policy interventions. The results demonstrated the role of landscape socialization in how people connect with nature, and the landscape socialization as a result of long-term policy interventions may exert substantial effects on residents’ social values across various spatial scales. The results deepen the general understanding of system leverage points for creating inner connections to nature which can aid sustainability transformation.

Culture Is Associated With the Experience of Long-Term Self-Concept Changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1047-1056
Author(s):  
Brian W. Haas ◽  
Michelle R. vanDellen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Moderating Role ◽  
Over Time

Cultural context can affect how changes in self-concepts are either valued or tolerated. However, very little is currently known regarding how culture may differentially confer consequences to people that change their self-concepts over the course of several years. We investigated the moderating role of culture (Japan and USA) on the link between long-term (∼4 years) self-concept changes and a comprehensive set of well-being measures (hedonic, eudaimonic, and family based). We found that American’s self-concept instability was more negatively associated with one’s well-being and emotional support within one’s family than Japanese. Furthermore, Americans were particularly negatively impacted when they became less agentic and conscientious over time. One possible interpretation is that Western, individualistic cultures may discourage people from changing their identities throughout their adult life. Although American culture often espouses the sanctity of freedom, American culture may also limit people’s freedom to change how they see themselves over time.

Meta-analysis reveals declines in terrestrial but increases in freshwater insect abundances

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6489) ◽  
pp. 417-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roel van Klink ◽  
Diana E. Bowler ◽  
Konstantin B. Gongalsky ◽  
Ann B. Swengel ◽  
Alessandro Gentile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
North America ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
European Regions ◽  
Insect Abundance ◽  
Abundance Trends ◽  
Over Time

Recent case studies showing substantial declines of insect abundances have raised alarm, but how widespread such patterns are remains unclear. We compiled data from 166 long-term surveys of insect assemblages across 1676 sites to investigate trends in insect abundances over time. Overall, we found considerable variation in trends even among adjacent sites but an average decline of terrestrial insect abundance by ~9% per decade and an increase of freshwater insect abundance by ~11% per decade. Both patterns were largely driven by strong trends in North America and some European regions. We found some associations with potential drivers (e.g., land-use drivers), and trends in protected areas tended to be weaker. Our findings provide a more nuanced view of spatiotemporal patterns of insect abundance trends than previously suggested.

scholarly journals Changes in Subjective Well-Being Over Time: Economic and Social Resources do Matter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. l. Moro-Egido ◽  
M. Navarro ◽  
A. Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article analyzes the main determinants of changes in subjective well-being over time in Germany distinguishing between long-term and short-term changes. Our findings for the long term indicate that social capital and values and cultural dimensions have the greatest capacity to predict changes in subjective well-being. Likewise, the correlation between economic resources and subjective well-being is weaker due to the small increase registered in household income and because people compare their income with those who are better off and feel envy. In the short term, economic resources have the highest capacity to predict both improvements (ups) and declines (downs) in subjective well-being. Finally, we also suggest that, whenever information is available, personality traits should be taken into account in the analysis of changes in subjective well-being over time in order to achieve more reliable estimates.

scholarly journals The new function of architectural monuments – a comparative analysis of two different cases: Palazzo Querini Stampalia and the Fondaco dei Tedeschi building

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Dominika Strzałka-Rogal
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Added Value ◽  
City Development ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Central Objective ◽  
Historic City ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

This paper discusses the long-term vision of the historic city development, where buildings assume a new function over time. The discussion is based on the example of Palazzo Querini Stampalia and Fondaco dei Tedeschi – two monuments restored to Venice in a new, different role. In the comparative analysis of the transformation of the buildings, particular attention was paid to the cultural, social and economic context of the city. This article aims to review the strengths and weaknesses of the new-use scenarios, outlining the renovation of the monuments and its added value for cities. The author concluded that no matter what the new function of the building is, it is worth renovating them, because this way the heritage can survive and this should be the central objective of a long-term vision.

scholarly journals Land productivity dynamics in and around protected areas globally from 1999 to 2013

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Begoña de la Fuente ◽  
Mélanie Weynants ◽  
Bastian Bertzky ◽  
Giacomo Delli ◽  
Andrea Mandrici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Productivity Dynamics

AbstractTracking changes in total biomass production or land productivity is an essential part of monitoring land transformations and long-term alterations of the health and productive capacity of land that are typically associated with land degradation. Persistent declines in land productivity impact many terrestrial ecosystem services that form the basis for sustainable livelihoods of human communities. Protected areas (PAs) are a key strategy in global efforts to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services that are critical for human well-being, and cover about 15% of the land worldwide. Here we globally assess the trends in land productivity in PAs of at least 10 km2 and in their unprotected surroundings (10 km buffers) from 1999 to 2013. We quantify the percentage of the protected and unprotected land that shows stable, increasing or decreasing trends in land productivity, quantified as long-term (15 year) changes in above-ground biomass derived from satellite-based observations with a spatial resolution of 1 km. We find that 44% of the land in PAs globally has retained the productivity at stable levels from 1999 to 2013, compared to 42% of stable productivity in the unprotected land around PAs. Persistent increases in productivity are more common in the unprotected lands around PAs (32%) than within PAs (18%) globally, which may be related to more active management and vegetation cover changes in some of these unprotected lands. About 14% of the protected land and 12% of the unprotected land around PAs has experienced declines in land productivity from 1999 to 2013 globally. Oceania has the highest percentage of land with stable productivity in PAs (57%) followed by Asia (52%). Europe is the continent with the lowest percentage of land with stable productivity levels in PAs (38%) and with the largest share of protected land with increasing land productivity (32%), which may be related to the high population density and share of agricultural land within PAs as well as to rural land abandonment processes in many regions of Europe. In conclusion, we provide a relevant indicator and assessment of land productivity dynamics that contributes to characterise the state, pressures and changes in and around protected areas globally. Further research may focus on more detailed analyses to disentangle the relative contribution of specific drivers (from climate change to land use change) and their interaction with land productivity dynamics and potential land degradation in different regions of the world.

scholarly journals The social context for conservation: amphibians in human-shaped landscapes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor Hartel ◽  
Ben C Scheele ◽  
Laurentiu Rozylowicz ◽  
Andra Horcea-Milcu ◽  
Dan Cogalniceanu
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
Amphibian Conservation ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
Natural Landscapes

Many human-shaped landscapes support viable amphibian populations due to the habitats created and/or maintained as a consequence of human actions. The challenges and approaches required to achieve the persistence of amphibians in human-shaped landscapes are markedly different from approaches commonly applied in protected areas. Contrary to protected areas or natural landscapes where amphibian conservationists can have direct control over management, in human-shaped landscapes, management options are best approached through understanding local communities’ values and socio-economic aspirations. However, consideration of the social aspects of amphibian conservation are vastly under-represented in the amphibian conservation literature. We propose that amphibian conservationists should: (i) assess the controllability of their mitigation actions for achieving long-term sustainability, (ii) understand the values and attitudes of individual landowners towards amphibians and amphibian-friendly management (local scale) and land stewardship on which amphibian conservation initiatives can be built (landscape scale), and (iii) understand the social and economic drivers of land-use change operating at regional levels, which is crucial for building adaptive potential in conservation programs. Since targeted amphibian conservation initiatives are limited in many human-shaped landscapes, consideration of the socio-economic context conducive to amphibian persistence is crucial.

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