Luther and the Book: The Iconography of the Ninety-Five Theses

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 222-232
Author(s):  
Brian Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New Age ◽  
Church History ◽  
Strong Resonance ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Age Of Information

Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses are not perhaps the book of the millennium, but they have some claim to being one of the books of the half-millennium. Few books in Church history can have had as much effect as this single-page broadsheet. Through this text, or so it is sometimes represented, Western Christianity was cut in two. The Ninety-Five Theses heralded the new age of print, with its capacity to transform culture in ways which have a strong resonance with our own ‘age of information’. The theses, it was said, were known throughout Germany in a fortnight and Europe in a month. With some justice, the theses have been described as the publishing event of the sixteenth century, and the first media sensation of the modern era.

Ornament and Systems of Ordering in the Sixteenth-Century Netherlands

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1269-1325
Author(s):  
Ethan Matt Kavaler
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era

Early modern ornament might profitably be considered as a set of systems, each with its own rules. It signaled wealth and status. It offered pleasure and prompted curiosity. It cut across the apparent divide between the vernacular and the classicizing. It was relational, understood in the context of a given subject but not necessarily subservient to it. The notion of ornament as essentially supplemental and the prejudice against ornamental excess are both children of the late eighteenth century. Both ideas depend on a post-Enlightenment conviction of the work of art as an autonomous, aesthetically self-sufficient object, an idea not fully formed in the early modern era.

The New Age of Democracy—Voting System

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1671-1674
Author(s):  
Atmakuri Sreeram ◽  
L. Kiran Kumar ◽  
Jayakrishna Natarajan ◽  
C. Ashwini
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
New Age ◽  
Usual Method ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Electronic Voting ◽  
Finger Print ◽  
Voting System ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Democratic Country

Elections are one of the biggest events to take place in any democratic country. In India, which has a population of 1.2 Billion, elections are especially important as it selects the leader of about one-sevenths of the World’s Population. The usual method of voting is through the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM). In this modern era, where technology is being used in every sphere of life, considering the fact that Voting is one of the fundamental rights of every citizen of a democratic country, technology should be used to stop any unfair means being used in the elections. The objective of this project is to develop a system which will be suitable for elections in countries like India. In this project we use Arduino and Finger Print Scanner which will identify its voters and prevent digital malpractices. We also propose a mobile application which will enable the voters to cast their vote from anyplace they want. The proposed system is more digital, technology-based and secure.

Precolonial Christianity and Missionary Legacies

2018 ◽  
pp. 46-59
Author(s):  
Shobana Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Church History ◽  
Government Control ◽  
Power Struggles ◽  
The Public ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Global Missions ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Modern Era

Nigerian church history has transformed the way global missions and their legacies have been understood. This chapter relies on the work of scholars who view missions as more than tools of colonialism and Nigerian Christianity as more layered than a simple reaction to foreign influences. Nigerian Christianity grew as a challenge to and reassertion of authority. Some initiatives countered foreign missionary and government control, while others were outcomes of power struggles amongst Nigerians. Since 1960, when Nigeria became Africa’s most populous and arguably wealthiest nation, religious dynamics have shaped its major social, cultural, and political transformations. While Nigerians at home are navigating questions of religion in the public sphere, millions of diasporic Nigerians, often as missionaries themselves, are part of the tremendous religious changes occurring globally. Through the lenses of dissent, reform, and renewal, this chapter traces Nigerian Christianity’s unique vibrancy and relevance in the modern era.

Remembering Saladin: The Crusades and the Politics of Heresy in Persian Historiography

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-253
Author(s):  
DANIEL BEBEN
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Complete Exclusion ◽  
Modern Era

AbstractIn this study I examine the presentation of Saladin and the Crusades within the genre of Persian universal histories produced from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century. While a number of recent studies have begun to explore the place of the Crusades in the historical memory of the Islamic world, to date little attention has been given to the question of the manner in which the ensuing Mongol conquests affected subsequent Muslim memory of the Crusades. In this article I argue that historiographers of the Mongol and post-Mongol eras largely sought to legitimate the conquests through evocation of heresy and by celebrating the Mongols’ role in combating alleged heretical elements within Muslim society, most notably the Ismāʿīlīs. While Saladin is universally remembered today first and foremost for his re-conquest of Jerusalem from the Crusaders, within the context of the agenda of Persian historiography of the post-Mongol era the locus of his significance was shifted to his overthrow of the Ismāʿīlī Fatimid dynasty in Egypt, to the almost complete exclusion of his role in the Crusades. This article challenges long-standing assumptions that the figure of Saladin was largely forgotten within the Muslim world until the colonial era, and instead presents an alternative explanation for the supposed amnesia in the Muslim world regarding the Crusades in the pre-modern era.

The Donation of Zeno: St. Barnabas and the Modern History of the Cypriot Archbishop's Regalia Privileges

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-745
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Huffman
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Church History ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Research

Modern church historians have roundly accepted the ancient pedigree of imperial regalia privileges exercised by the archbishops of Cyprus, yet new research has shown that their origins are actually to be found in the mid-sixteenth century and within a decidedly western intellectual and ecclesial orbit. This article builds on such findings by documenting the modern history of these privileges and their relationship to the emerging political role of the archbishops of Cyprus as ethnarchs as well as archbishops of the Cypriot community under both Ottoman and British empires. Travelling across the boundaries of western and non-western cultures and employing a rich interdisciplinary array of evidence (chronicles, liturgy and liturgical vestments, hagiography, iconography, insignia, painting, cartography, diplomacy, and travel literature), this article presents a coherent reconstruction of the imperial regalia tradition's modern historical evolution and its profound impact on modern Cypriot church history. This study integrates the often compartmentalized English, French, Italian, German, and Greek scholarship of many subfields, producing a new holistic understanding of how the archbishop's ethnarchic aspirations could produce a spiritual culture in which St. Barnabas, the island's founding patron saint and once famous apostolic reconciler, became transformed into an ethnarchic national patriot and defender against foreign conquerors.

scholarly journals La globalización hispana del comercio y el arte en la Edad Moderna

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Dobado González
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Main Protagonist ◽  
Modern Era

This article shows some important aspects of a worldwide, historical phenomenon: the globalization of commerce and art which started in the second half of the sixteenth century and had the American, Asian and European territories of the Hispanic Monarchy as main protagonist during the Early Modern Era. The international exchanges -basically, American silver in return for more or less luxurious goods from Asia- that followed the discovery by Urdaneta, in 1565, of the “tornaviaje” between Manila and Acapulco had a profound influence on the forms of production and consumption in both the Old World and the New. Spanish economists and economic historians have probably underscored the historical significance of these unprecedented interactions. The central role played by the Viceroyalty of New Spain in this globalization has perhaps not been properly valued either.

The Writings of Fr. Henry Garnet, S.J. (1555–1606)

1951 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
A. F. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Church History ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

Father Garnet's works were written in England during the last decade of the sixteenth century when the persecution of priests was at its most intense and Catholic literature was systematically suppressed. They were written anonymously and those that were printed were printed secretly, without indication of place or date. The result has been that his bibliography has remained in a state of confusion to this day. The earliest printed list of his writings, in Alegambe’s Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Iesu (1643), is inaccurate and incomplete, and little attempt has since been made to supplement it. Southwell’s revised edition of Alegambe (1676) reproduces the original list without alteration. Dodd, in The Church History of England (1737–42), also follows Alegambe. The first and only attempt to check Alegambe’s list in the light of original documents is to be found in Oliver’s Collections…S.J. (1845) which gives some corrections and fresh information based on the Stonyhurst MSS. Gillow combines the findings of Dodd and Oliver, adding some speculations of his own which do not stand the test of investigation. Sommervogel and D.N.B. follow Gillow. The extent to which bibliographers blindly copy one another is not always fully realized. Before any satisfactory study of Father Garnet’s life and work can be begun it is essential that his bibliography should be re-established, if possible, from documentary evidence.

Medieval Heretics as Protestant Martyrs

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 185-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Church History ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
Church Polity ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Articles Of Faith ◽  
The Church

Two themes which figure repeatedly in the history of the Western Church are the contrasting ones of tradition and renewal. To emphasize tradition, or continuity, is to stress the divine element in the continuous collective teaching and witness of the Church. To call periodically for renewal and reform is to acknowledge that any institution composed of people will, with time, lose its pristine vigour or deviate from its original purpose. At certain periods in church history the tension between these two themes has broken out into open conflict, as happened with such dramatic results in the Reformation of the sixteenth century. The Protestant Reformers seem to present one of the most extreme cases where the desire for renewal triumphed over the instinct to preserve continuity of witness. A fundamentally novel analysis of the process by which human souls were saved was formulated by Martin Luther in the course of debate, and soon adopted or reinvented by others. This analysis was then used as a touchstone against which to test and to attack the most prominent features of contemporary teaching, worship, and church polity. In so far as any appeal was made to Christian antiquity, it was to the scriptural texts and to the early Fathers; though even the latter could be selected and criticized if they deviated from the primary articles of faith. There was, then, no reason why any of the Reformers should have sought to justify their actions by reference to any forbears or ‘forerunners’ in the Middle Ages, whether real or spurious. On the contrary, Martin Luther’s instinctive response towards those condemned by the medieval Church as heretics was to echo the conventional and prejudiced hostility felt by the religious intelligentsia towards those outside their pale.

Traditional scriptural interpretation and sixteenth-century allegoresis: old and new

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Christian
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Scriptural Interpretation ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Geneva Bible ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Parable Of The Sower

Allegoresis is interpreting a text written with straightforward literal intent as if it were an allegory. In typology, a literal person or object is treated as an anticipatory example of someone or something to come. The Bible was the most important text subject to this kind of reading, including by New Testament writers. A sampling of commentaries on the parable of the sower (Matthew 13) and the rivalry between Mary and Martha (Luke 10) demonstrates the stability of allegorical readings from the patristic to the early modern era. Although the extent to which the Bible was properly read allegorically was hotly debated in the sixteenth century, even William Tyndale’s practice had much in common with traditional four-fold interpretation. Marginal glosses from the Geneva Bible indicate the general acceptance (and by extension, the transparency) of allegorical reading. Spenser’s use of words like “type,” “shadow,” “image,” and “figure” refer to traditional biblical exegesis, adapting a method familiar to Elizabethans from religious sources.

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