An IBM PC-based system for generating three-dimensional reconstructions from serial electron micrographs

Author(s):  
ohn C. Kinnamon ◽  
Stephen J. Young ◽  
Terri A. Sherman

ne of the common problems confronting the morphologist is the elucidation f the three-dimensional (3-D) nature of biological structures from twoimensional micrographs. Serial section analysis can alleviate this problem omewhat, but it becomes increasingly difficult to mentally reconstruct tructures encompassing more than a few sections. For the past decade, the se of computers has been applied to the generation of 3-D reconstructions rom serial micrographs. Until recently, however, the costs of both ardware and software for 3-D reconstructions have been prohibitively xpensive for most laboratories.

Author(s):  
Scott M. Miller

As is well known, analysis of two surfaces in mesh plays a fundamental role in gear theory. In the past, special coordinate systems, vector algebra, or screw theory was used to analyze the kinematics of meshing. The approach here instead relies on geometric algebra, an extension of conventional vector algebra. The elegance of geometric algebra for theoretical developments is demonstrated by examining the so-called “equation of meshing,” which requires that the relative velocity of two bodies at a point of contact be perpendicular to the common surface normal vector. With surprisingly little effort, several alternative forms of the equation of meshing are generated and, subsequently, interpreted geometrically. Via straightforward algebraic manipulations, the results of screw theory and vector algebra are unified. Due to the simplicity with which complex geometric concepts are expressed and manipulated, the effort required to grasp the general three-dimensional meshing of surfaces is minimized.


2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Hamilton

AbstractThe nasal dorsum is an important component of a rhinoplasty and may be the primary motivation for seeking surgery. The nasal dorsum is a complex three-dimensional shape that is shrouded by local anesthetic and edema during surgery. This makes an accurate assessment of the surgical changes challenging. Complications related to dorsal modification include imbalances from over- or underresection of the structures of the nasal dorsum, inadequate or overaugmentation, an open-roof deformity, pollybeak, saddle nose, inverted-V, warped cartilage, visible grafts, contour problems, graft malposition, and extrusion. This review will discuss the common problems that can occur with dorsal modification during rhinoplasty.


1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H. C. Choi

Three dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of serial sections reveals 18 synaptonemal complexes and a cross-shaped quadrivalent in the mouse pachytene oocytes of the heterozygous reciprocal translocations T(2;8)26H and T(9;17)138Ca. The unambiguous identification of translocation breakpoints on the quadrivalents has allowed the mapping of the translocation breakpoints on the chromosomes. The translocation breakpoints of T(2;8)26H are mapped at 73% and 45% from the telocentric centromeres of chromosomes 2 and 8, while those of T(9;17)138Ca are mapped at 41% and 45% from the telocentric centromeres of chromosomes 9 and 17 respectively. This report represents the first study of serial section reconstruction of a mammalian oocyte.


Author(s):  
David Mastronarde ◽  
Kent McDonald ◽  
J. Richard McIntosh

Stereo visualization of biological fine structure has long been useful for the appreciation of three-dimensional structure in high voltage electron micrographs of thick specimens. Quantification of specimen geometry by this method is difficult, however, since reproducible placement of a 3-D cursor in a gray-scale object with a single pair of stereo views is difficult. Serial thin sectioning and electron microscopy has been used to obtain quantitative three-dimensional information about biological structures, but when high resolution is required, serial section tracking can be problematic because distortions of as much as 5% between successive sections are common, impeding section alignment and reliable 3-D reconstruction.We are experimenting with computer image processing methods to overcome the above mentioned difficulties. A MicroVax III hosting a Parallax board set is being used to process images obtained from electron micrographs with a DAGE -81 video camera and displayed on a Mitsubishi high resolution color monitor.


Author(s):  
Zixuan Yue ◽  
Zefeng Li ◽  
Donghai Jin ◽  
Xingmin Gui

Abstract Through-flow methods are widely used in turbomachinery design and performance prediction due to its fast calculation. In the past, circumferentially-averaging through-flow methods tended to ignore circumferential fluctuation source term (CFST) in the governing equations, leading to an inaccurate result when blades showed a strong three-dimensional feature. To solve this problem, CFST needs to be properly modeled. In this paper, three-dimensional numerical simulation is conducted to find the area where CFST dominates. The influence of inlet Mach number, incidence, camber angles and sweep angle on the CFST in this area is analyzed. A model for CFST is constructed. Three-dimensional verification of this model suggests that within the common scope of use of aerospace compressor designing, this model shows a good accuracy.


Author(s):  
Abdulrahman Alkandari Et.al

this paper presents a new social-networking concept and solution for effective appointment-scheduling and status communication between groups of people. The concept is driven by the widespread adoption of social-networking platforms among people as a result of daily internet usage. People became connected most of the time with other users of a social network. According to studies and statistics, usage of smartphone applications for social networking is increasing rapidly in the past years. This paper introduces Status Wheel application as a solution to some of the common problems facing social network users via smartphones. Such problems include the issue of a well-managed time schedule and appointments. This may lead to more people going out at peak hours to meet a teacher or a co-worker, which creates avoidable traffic-jams. So, an effective platform for quick user status updates and communication with other concerned individual is needed. This paper introduces Status Wheel smartphone application. It promotes communication through sharing of users’ current status. Convenient user-experience is studied and given paramount importance as well.


1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-355
Author(s):  
David Roy Cutler

Abstract Various practicable methods of applying the solids of latex and latex mixtures in the manufacture of various types of products have been employed in this country during the past years. While meritorious within their respective fields, these processes, except that for the production of sponge rubber, all have the common limitation of being applicable only to comparatively thin articles of relatively uniform thickness. The recent introduction into this country of an important English invention, Kaysam, supplies the positive three-dimensional shrinkage control and accelerated drying method, which now opens new fields to all types of products with superior strength, stretch, tear-resistance, aging, and advantages characteristic of articles made directly of latex. The Kaysam Development Confronted with the conflicting problems of distressing competition and the necessarily wasteful and uneconomic methods of producing crepe rubber soles, Walter Kay, of Sam Kay & Co., Bury, England, despaired, of meeting the problem except by some workable substitution of latex for crepe rubber. The result of his experimental effort was a workable process of casting liquid latex into rubber articles without limitation of size or shape. This process became known as “Kaysam,” a contracted inversion of his company's name. This process has been applied in England during the past several years, and in various continental European countries to the volume production of many types of soles, metal-inserted heels, cloth-inserted boots, and various kinds of molded articles, including those of solid and hollow construction. More recently still, Kaysam, supplemented by other important inventions of prominent American technologists relating to the fundamentals of latex compounding and use, has been made available to manufacturers in this country by the Kaysam Corporation of America.


Author(s):  
R. A. Crowther

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.


Author(s):  
Jerome J. Paulin

Within the past decade it has become apparent that HVEM offers the biologist a means to explore the three-dimensional structure of cells and/or organelles. Stereo-imaging of thick sections (e.g. 0.25-10 μm) not only reveals anatomical features of cellular components, but also reduces errors of interpretation associated with overlap of structures seen in thick sections. Concomitant with stereo-imaging techniques conventional serial Sectioning methods developed with thin sections have been adopted to serial thick sections (≥ 0.25 μm). Three-dimensional reconstructions of the chondriome of several species of trypanosomatid flagellates have been made from tracings of mitochondrial profiles on cellulose acetate sheets. The sheets are flooded with acetone, gluing them together, and the model sawed from the composite and redrawn.The extensive mitochondrial reticulum can be seen in consecutive thick sections of (0.25 μm thick) Crithidia fasciculata (Figs. 1-2). Profiles of the mitochondrion are distinguishable from the anterior apex of the cell (small arrow, Fig. 1) to the posterior pole (small arrow, Fig. 2).


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