Narrow Row Spacing and Canopy Formation Reduces Weed Resurgence in Soybeans (Glycine max)

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred H. Yelverton ◽  
Harold D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Soil Surface ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Soybean Canopy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Radiation Measurements

In 1982 and 1983, effects of soybean row spacing and irrigation on weed resurgence following postemergence herbicide applications were evaluated. Also, ‘Forrest’ and ‘Ransom’ cultivar effects and early and late planting date influences on weed resurgence were evaluated in 1982 and 1983, respectively. In both years, as row spacing increased, weed resurgence increased. Photosynthetically active radiation measurements indicated the amount of weed resurgence coincided closely with the differing amounts of light penetrating to the soil surface. Irrigation, planting date, and cultivars showed no significant effect on weed resurgence. In 1982, a significant cultivar by row spacing interaction was obtained. In 1983, the late planting date showed a trend for less weed resurgence under irrigated conditions, although the difference was not significant. Soybean canopy measurements indicated development was greater under irrigation.

scholarly journals Impact of Row Spacing and Planting Date on the Canopy Environment, Abundance of Lesser Cornstalk Borer and Other Arthropods, and Incidence of Aflatoxigenic Fungi in Peanuts

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
S. D. Stewart ◽  
K. L. Boweri ◽  
T. P. Mack ◽  
J. H. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Elasmopalpus Lignosellus ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae ◽  
Wide Row Spacing

Abstract Three row spacings and two planting dates for peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L., were examined in 1993 and 1994 to determine the influence of the canopy environment on lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), other arthropods, and alflatoxigenic fungi. Climatically, 1993 and 1994 were disparate years. Decreasing row spacing increased relative leaf area and light interception by the canopy but, compared to difference between planting dates or years, had a relatively small impact on soil temperatures and relative humidity within the canopy. Late planting produced smaller plants, retarded canopy development, and reduced yield in both years, but especially in 1993 when it was hot and dry. The wide row spacing did not yield as well as twin and normal row spacings in either year. Lesser cornstalk borer damage and aflatoxin concentration were higher in the late planting than in the early planting of 1993, but were unaffected by row spacing. Fewer predatory arthropods were caught as row spacing decreased in both beat and pitfall samples, but planting date had variable effects. Prevailing climatic conditions and planting date appeared to be more important in influencing the canopy environment and pest densities than was row spacing.

scholarly journals Studies on production techniques of some herb plants: II Row spacing and cutting height of dill herb (anethum graveolens L.)

1987 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
S. Hälvä
Keyword(s):  
Row Spacing ◽  
Anethum Graveolens ◽  
Leaf Yield ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Cutting Height

A study was undertaken to determine the row spacing and cutting height of dill to produce a good quality herb in terms of high proportion of leaves. The row spacings were 12.5 or 25 cm, and the herb was harvested to the stubbles of 7.5, 11 or 15 cm. The greatest dry leaf yield, 8 kg/100 m2, was achieved with the narrow row spacing and lowest stubble. The proportion of leaves of the dry herb was highest (68 %) when cut to the highest stubble. The difference in the yields between the cuttings of 7.5 and 15 cm was significant, only. The relation between the dry and fresh yields (11 %) remained unaffected.

Effect of planting time and row spacing on growth and seed production of junglerice (Echinochloa colona) and feather fingergrass (Chloris virgata) in sorghum

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Caleb Squires ◽  
Gulshan Mahajan ◽  
Michael Walsh ◽  
Bhagirath S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Late Planting ◽  
Planting Time ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Crop Competition

Abstract Junglerice and feather fingergrass are major problematic weeds in the summer sorghum cropping areas of Australia. The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth and seed production of junglerice and feather fingergrass in crop-free (fallow) and under competition with sorghum planted in 50 cm and 100 cm row spacings at three sorghum planting and weed emergence timing. Results revealed that junglerice and feather fingergrass had greater biomass in early planting (November 11) compared with late planting time (January 11). Under fallow conditions, seed production of junglerice ranged from 12,380-20,280 seeds plant−1; with the highest seed production for the December 11 and lowest for the January 11 planting. Seed production of feather fingergrass under fallow conditions ranged from 90,030 to 143,180 seeds plant−1. Seed production of feather fingergrass under crop-free (fallow) was similar for November 11 and December 11 planting, but higher for the January 11 planting. Sorghum crop competition at both row spacings reduced the seed production of junglerice and feather fingergrass >75% compared to non-crop fallow. Narrow row spacing (50 cm) in early and mid- planted sorghum (November 11 and December 11) reduced the biomass of junglerice to a greater extent (88%-92% over fallow grown plants) compared with wider row spacing (100 cm). Narrow row spacing was found superior in reducing biomass of feather fingergrass compared with wider row spacing. Our results demonstrate that sorghum crops can substantially reduce biomass and seed production of junglerice and feather fingergrass through crop competition compared with growth in fallow conditions. Narrow row spacing (50 cm) was found superior to wider row spacing (100 cm) in terms of weed suppression. These results suggest that narrow row spacing and late planting time of sorghum crops can strengthen an integrated weed management program against these weeds by reducing weed growth and seed production.

Tetraploid buckwheat as a green manure crop for organic farming

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (94) ◽  
pp. 51-54
Author(s):  
O.V. Trygub ◽  
I.V. Zaika ◽  
P.P. Karazbey
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
Research Experiment ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sowing Period

The purpose of the research is to investigate the prospects of using the new breeding number of tetraploid buckwheat Ustymivska tetra 1/2017 (UT 1/2017) for the ability to increase the vegetative mass in comparison with the diploid variety. Methods of research. Experiment was laid in 2017. Buckwheat variety Ukrainka was used as a standard. The investigated variety and standard were sown with ordinary narrow-row and wide-row methods (15 and 45 cm, respectively), with different seeding rates of 300, 400 and 500 seeds / m2 and for three terms (12 May, 14 June and 17 July). Amount of the green mass was determined during the flowering phase for all three terms of sowing. Results. According to the data obtained under optimal conditions, the variety of buckwheat UT 1/2017 formed in 1.5-2 times a greater green mass of plants in comparison with diploids Ukrainka at a level of 4.05-7.05 kg of green mass per 1 m2, which, in terms of per 1 hectare is 85-100 tons and indicates its suitability for repeated and stubble crops if there is sufficient moisture in the soil. The greatest influence on the productivity of the variety in the experiment had the sowing period. A high level of yield at the first planting date indicates the most optimal conditions for the productivity of buckwheat vegetative mass in this period. The row spacing also affects the yield. Thus, with a wide-sowing planting (45 cm), the density of plants was optimal when sowing 500 pcs/m2, and for a narrow row - 300 pcs/m2, at which the maximum yield of green mass was formed - 6.77 and 7.05 kg/m2, respectively.

scholarly journals Cultivar, Planting Date, and Row Spacing Effects on Mungbean Performance in Virginia

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 1309-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harbans L. Bhardwaj ◽  
Anwar A. Hamama
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
The United States ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Spacing Effects ◽  
Narrow Row

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, Fabaceae] is one of the most important food legume crops in Asia. It is also gaining importance in other parts of the world such as Australia and Canada. The United States imported mungbean worth ≈22 million dollars during 2014. To establish domestic production and to determine if mungbean can be produced in rotation with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), replicated experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 using two cultivars (Berken and TexSprout), two planting dates (early and late July), and two row spacings (37.5 and 75 cm). Cultivar and planting date effects on seed yield were not significant, however, narrow row spacing resulted in significant higher seed yield and concentration of protein over the wider row spacing (1.76 vs. 0.86 Mg⋅ha−1 yield and 24.9% vs. 23.7% protein). Early planting resulted in lower sugar and oil concentrations over late planting (4.4% vs. 5.5% sugar and 1.24% vs. 1.99% oil). Average mungbean values for seed yield, seed size, and concentrations of protein, sugars, and oil were 1.31 Mg⋅ha−1, 7.08 g/seed100, 24.3%, 4.91%, and 1.59%, respectively. Low harvest index values (17% to 25%) indicated that potential exists for improvement in mungbean seed yield. The results indicated that mungbean can be easily produced in rotation with winter wheat in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.

INFLUENCE OF METHODS FOR SELECTION OF PLANTS AND WAYS OF SEEDING ON EFFICIENCY OF ORIGINAL SEEDS OF FLAX-DOLGUNETS GRROWING IN PRIMARY SEED BREEDING

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
High Germination ◽  
Breeding Efficiency ◽  
Flax Seeds ◽  
Narrow Row ◽  
Seed Propagation ◽  
Selection Of

The results of scientific research are presented, which made it possible to develop less labor-intensive methods for selecting flax plants to grow original (updated) seeds. Studies have shown that a positive selection of tall plants of flax, compared with the accepted counterpart (control), increased seed yield 1.7-1.9 times. Moreover, plant homogeneity according to the main characteristics (height and fiber content in the stem) characterizing the varietal quality of grown seeds turned out to be at the control level. A negative selection, involving the removal of atypical plants, provided an increase in the output volume of seeds compared to the control by 3.9-4.1 times. This selection method did not reduce the varietal quality of seed material compared to the accepted analogue. With both selection methods, after combining typical plants, seeds with the same high germination rates were obtained (96-99 %). The breeding efficiency of the grown flax seeds using narrow-row sowing methods is shown. Studies have established that narrow-row sowing of seeds with a row-spacing of 7.5 and 6.25 cm compared with sowing by a wide-row method significantly increased their yield by 2.8-3.0 and 2.3-3.0 kg / ha, respectively. The greatest influence on the formation of seed yield in narrow-row sowing (6.25 cm) was exerted by the method of sowing, the part of which was 76.1 %. As the length of seed propagation of flax in creased (up to the uterine elite 2 years) in narrow-row sowing (6.25 cm) compared to broad-row, there was no decrease in quality indicators - germination and seed strength.

scholarly journals Individual and Combined Effects of Planting Date, Seeding Rate, Relative Maturity, and Row Spacing on Soybean Yield

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 605
Author(s):  
Peder K. Schmitz ◽  
Hans J. Kandel
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Beginning Of Flowering

Planting date (PD), seeding rate (SR), relative maturity (RM) of cultivars, and row spacing (RS) are primary management factors affecting soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yield. The individual and synergistic effects of PD, SR, RM, and RS on seed yield and agronomic characteristics in North Dakota were herein investigated. Early and late PD, early and late RM cultivars, two SR (408,000 and 457,000 seed ha−1), and two RS (30.5 and 61 cm) were evaluated in four total environments in 2019 and 2020. Maximizing green canopy cover prior to the beginning of flowering improved seed yield. Individual factors of early PD and narrow RS resulted in yield increase of 311 and 266 kg ha−1, respectively. The combined factors of early PD, late RM, high SR, and narrow RS improved yield by 26% and provided a $350 ha−1 partial profit over conventional practices. Canopy cover and yield had relatively weak relationships with r2 of 0.36, 0.23, 0.14, and 0.21 at the two trifoliolate, four trifoliolate, beginning of flowering, and beginning of pod formation soybean growth stages, respectively. Producers in the most northern soybean region of the USA should combine early planting, optimum RM cultivars, 457,000 seed ha−1 SR, and 31 cm RS to improve yield and profit compared to current management practices.

scholarly journals Effect of tillage, slope, and rainfall on soil surface microtopography quantified by geostatistical and fractal indices during sheet erosion

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-241
Author(s):  
Na Ta ◽  
Chutian Zhang ◽  
Hongru Ding ◽  
Qingfeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Surface Microtopography ◽  
Artificial Rainfall ◽  
Soil Surface Roughness ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sheet Erosion

AbstractTillage and slope will influence soil surface roughness that changes during rainfall events. This study tests this effect under controlled conditions quantified by geostatistical and fractal indices. When four commonly adopted tillage practices, namely, artificial backhoe (AB), artificial digging (AD), contour tillage (CT), and linear slope (CK), were prepared on soil surfaces at 2 × 1 × 0.5 m soil pans at 5°, 10°, or 20° slope gradients, artificial rainfall with an intensity of 60 or 90 mm h−1 was applied to it. Measurements of the difference in elevation points of the surface profiles were taken before rainfall and after rainfall events for sheet erosion. Tillage practices had a relationship with fractal indices that the surface treated with CT exhibited the biggest fractal dimension D value, followed by the surfaces AD, AB, and CK. Surfaces under a stronger rainfall tended to have a greater D value. Tillage treatments affected anisotropy differently and the surface CT had the strongest effect on anisotropy, followed by the surfaces AD, AB, and CK. A steeper surface would have less effect on anisotropy. Since the surface CT had the strongest effect on spatial variability or the weakest spatial autocorrelation, it had the smallest effect on runoff and sediment yield. Therefore, tillage CT could make a better tillage practice of conserving water and soil. Simultaneously, changes in semivariogram and fractal parameters for surface roughness were examined and evaluated. Fractal parameter – crossover length l – is more sensitive than fractal dimension D to rainfall action to describe vertical differences in soil surface roughness evolution.

scholarly journals Calcium Biogeochemical Cycle in a Typical Karst Forest: Evidence from Calcium Isotope Compositions

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 666
Author(s):  
Guilin Han ◽  
Anton Eisenhauer ◽  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Man Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Calcium Isotope ◽  
Karst Forest ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Preferential Uptake ◽  
Vital Factor

In order to better constrain calcium cycling in natural soil and in soil used for agriculture, we present the δ44/40Ca values measured in rainwater, groundwater, plants, soil, and bedrock samples from a representative karst forest in SW China. The δ44/40Ca values are found to differ by ≈3.0‰ in the karst forest ecosystem. The Ca isotope compositions and Ca contents of groundwater, rainwater, and bedrock suggest that the Ca of groundwater primarily originates from rainwater and bedrock. The δ44/40Ca values of plants are lower than that of soils, indicating the preferential uptake of light Ca isotopes by plants. The distribution of δ44/40Ca values in the soil profiles (increasing with soil depth) suggests that the recycling of crop-litter abundant with lighter Ca isotope has potential effects on soil Ca isotope composition. The soil Mg/Ca content ratio probably reflects the preferential plant uptake of Ca over Mg and the difference in soil maturity. Light Ca isotopes are more abundant in mature soils than nutrient-depleted soils. The relative abundance in the light Ca isotope (40Ca) is in the following order: farmland > burnt grassland > forests > grassland > shrubland. Our results further indicate that biological fractionation in a soil–plant system is a vital factor for Ca–geochemical transformations in soil surface systems.

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