2,4-D Amine Antagonism by Salts

Research was conducted to determine the influence of salts on 2,4-D toxicity to kochia. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iron salts except for sulfate and phosphate salts of calcium and sodium were antagonistic to 2,4-D diethanolamine. None of the ammonium salts antagonized 2,4-D control of kochia. Effects of individual ions generally antagonistic to 2,4-D were additive when in mixture. 2,4-D generally controlled kochia better when mixed with various acids than with their ammonium salts in distilled, sodium bicarbonate, or ferric sulfate water carriers, relating to the lower pH with the acids. However, low pH was not essential in overcoming salt antagonism of 2,4-D for kochia control, nor was 2,4-D always effective with low pH. Sulfate and monobasic phosphate anions were most effective in overcoming sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride antagonism of 2,4-D. The concentration of diammonium sulfate needed to overcome sodium bicarbonate antagonism of 2,4-D increased with sodium bicarbonate concentration. Diammonium sulfate at 2% (w/v) overcame 1200 mg L–1sodium as sodium bicarbonate. Nonionic surfactants and oil adjuvants also overcame antagonism of 2,4-D caused by water from several sources.

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Salt Antagonism of Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500088470 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 622-628 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

John D. Nalewaja ◽

Robert Matysiak

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Ammonium Acetate ◽

Ammonium Hydroxide ◽

Ammonium Cation ◽

Ammonium Salts ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Diammonium Sulfate ◽

Ammonium Compounds

Glyphosate is often applied with diammonium sulfate to increase weed control. However, many other salts in the spray carrier have antagonized glyphosate phytotoxicity. Research was conducted with wheat as a bioassay species to further determine the influence of various salts on glyphosate phytotoxicity. Cation antagonism of glyphosate occurred with iron > zinc > calcium ≥ magnesium > sodium > potassium. Ammonium cation with hydroxide or most other anions was not antagonistic. Anions of ammonium compounds were of primary importance in overcoming glyphosate antagonistic salts, while the ammonium cation was neutral or slightly stimulatory with certain anions. Sulfate, phosphate, citrate, and acetate anions were not antagonistic, but nitrate and chloride anions were slightly antagonistic when applied as ammonium salts or acids. Antagonism of glyphosate action by sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride was overcome by phosphoric, sulfuric, and citric acid and phosphate, sulfate, and citrate ammonium salts. Acid and ammonium salts of nitrate and chloride were more effective in overcoming sodium bicarbonate than calcium chloride antagonists of glyphosate. Ferric sulfate antagonism was overcome only by citric, partly by phosphoric and sulfuric but not by nitric and hydrochloric acids or their ammonium salts. Acetic acid, ammonium acetate, and ammonium hydroxide did not overcome any salt antagonism of glyphosate. Glyphosate response to salts was independent of spray carrier pH.

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Induction of potential for sperm motility by bicarbonate and pH in rainbow trout and chum salmon

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.136.1.13 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 136 (1) ◽

pp. 13-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. Morisawa ◽

M. Morisawa

Keyword(s):

Rainbow Trout ◽

Seminal Plasma ◽

Magnesium Chloride ◽

Chum Salmon ◽

Ph Value ◽

Bicarbonate Concentration ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Sperm Duct ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Immotile Spermatozoa

Spermatozoa of rainbow trout and chum salmon, which have no potential for motility in the testis, acquire that potential in the sperm duct. This paper demonstrates that there is little difference between the levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride and osmolality of the seminal plasma in the testis and in the sperm duct. However, the bicarbonate concentration of the seminal plasma and the pH value of semen were higher in the sperm duct than in the testis. When immotile spermatozoa obtained from the testis were incubated in artificial seminal plasma with a high pH and containing HCO3-, spermatozoa became motile within 1 h. These results suggest that spermatozoa of salmonid fish acquire the potential for motility as a result of the increase in seminal bicarbonate concentration and pH that occurs as spermatozoa pass from the testis to the sperm duct.

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2,4-D and Salt Combinations Affect Glyphosate Phytotoxicity

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00034801 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 322-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

John D. Nalewaja ◽

Robert Matysiak

Keyword(s):

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Sodium Salt ◽

Nonionic Surfactants ◽

Ferric Sulfate ◽

Inorganic Salts ◽

Diammonium Sulfate

Experiments conducted in the greenhouse indicated that 2,4-D antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat was sodium salt = butoxyethyl ester ≥ diethanolamine. Isopropylamine salt of 2,4-D generally was not antagonistic to glyphosate phytotoxicity. Isopropylamine salt of 2,4-D did not influence the antagonism of glyphosate by inorganic salts in the spray carrier. Antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat by 2,4-D increased when sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, and ferric sulfate were in the spray carrier water. Isopropylamine alone as an adjuvant enhanced glyphosate toxicity to wheat, and overcame ferric sulfate and sodium bicarbonate antagonism of glyphosate. Diammonium sulfate adjuvant overcame antagonism to glyphosate phytotoxicity from 2,4-D, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium chloride each alone or the salts in combination with 2,4-D. Nonionic surfactants differed in enhancement of glyphosate but none overcame antagonism from salts or 2,4-D.

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Optimizing Adjuvants to Overcome Glyphosate Antagonistic Salts

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x0002769x ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 337-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

John D. Nalewaja ◽

Robert Matysiak

Keyword(s):

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Calcium Chloride ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Greenhouse Experiments ◽

Calcium And Magnesium ◽

Diammonium Sulfate

Glyphosate toxicity to wheat was antagonized more by calcium chloride than sodium bicarbonate. Mixtures of the salts at greater than 100 mg L−1sodium bicarbonate and 200 mg L−1calcium chloride were additive in antagonism of glyphosate in the greenhouse experiments. Surfactant and oil adjuvants did not overcome sodium bicarbonate or calcium chloride antagonism of glyphosate. Oil adjuvants were generally antagonistic to glyphosate. An equation is presented that determines the amount of diammonium sulfate required to overcome glyphosate antagonism based upon the sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium cations in the spray carrier.

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Coffee Brews: Are They a Source of Macroelements in Human Nutrition?

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10061328 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1328

Author(s):

Ewa Olechno ◽

Anna Puścion-Jakubik ◽

Katarzyna Socha ◽

Małgorzata Elżbieta Zujko

Keyword(s):

Magnesium Deficiency ◽

Human Nutrition ◽

Google Scholar ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Coffee Brew ◽

Coffee Grounds ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Coffee Brews

Coffee brews, made by pouring water on coffee grounds or brewing in an espresso machine, are among the most popular beverages. The aim of this study was to summarize data on the content of macroelements (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) in coffee brews prepared with different methods, as well as to review the factors influencing the content of the elements. Studies from 2000 to 2020, published in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, were reviewed. Taking into account the results presented by the authors, we calculated that one portion of coffee brew can cover 7.5% or 6.4% (for women and men) and 6.6% of the daily requirement for magnesium and potassium, respectively. Coffee provides slightly lower amounts of phosphorus (up to 2.2%), sodium (up to 2.2%), and calcium (up to 0.7% of the daily requirement for women and 0.6% for men). If coffee is drunk in the quantity of three to four cups, it can be an important source of magnesium, considering the risk of magnesium deficiency in modern societies.

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THE DISTRIBUTION OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, AND CHLORIDE BETWEEN THE BLOOD SERUM AND CELLS OF NORMAL INDIVIDUALS

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)72681-1 ◽

1942 ◽

Vol 143 (1) ◽

pp. 223-226

Author(s):

Rebecca Snyder ◽

Solomon Katzenelbogen

Keyword(s):

Blood Serum ◽

Inorganic Phosphorus ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Normal Individuals ◽

Calcium Magnesium

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Reliability and Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate: Buffering and 2000-m Rowing Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.7.2.152 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 152-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Amelia J. Carr ◽

Gary J. Slater ◽

Christopher J. Gore ◽

Brian Dawson ◽

Louise M. Burke

Keyword(s):

Calcium Carbonate ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Pairwise Comparisons ◽

Bicarbonate Concentration ◽

Mean Power ◽

Typical Error ◽

Rowing Performance ◽

Rowing Ergometer ◽

Double Blinded

Purpose:The aim of this study was to determine the effect and reliability of acute and chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion for 2000-m rowing ergometer performance (watts) and blood bicarbonate concentration [HCO3−].Methods:In a crossover study, 7 well-trained rowers performed paired 2000-m rowing ergometer trials under 3 double-blinded conditions: (1) 0.3 grams per kilogram of body mass (g/kg BM) acute bicarbonate; (2) 0.5 g/kg BM daily chronic bicarbonate for 3 d; and (3) calcium carbonate placebo, in semi-counterbalanced order. For 2000-m performance and [HCO3−], we examined differences in effects between conditions via pairwise comparisons, with differences interpreted in relation to the likelihood of exceeding smallest worthwhile change thresholds for each variable. We also calculated the within-subject variation (percent typical error).Results:There were only trivial differences in 2000-m performance between placebo (277 ± 60 W), acute bicarbonate (280 ± 65 W) and chronic bicarbonate (282 ± 65 W); however, [HCO3−] was substantially greater after acute bicarbonate, than with chronic loading and placebo. Typical error for 2000-m mean power was 2.1% (90% confidence interval 1.4 to 4.0%) for acute bicarbonate, 3.6% (2.5 to 7.0%) for chronic bicarbonate, and 1.6% (1.1 to 3.0%) for placebo. Postsupplementation [HCO3−] typical error was 7.3% (5.0 to 14.5%) for acute bicarbonate, 2.9% (2.0 to 5.7%) for chronic bicarbonate and 6.0% (1.4 to 11.9%) for placebo.Conclusion:Performance in 2000-m rowing ergometer trials may not substantially improve after acute or chronic bicarbonate loading. However, performances will be reliable with both acute and chronic bicarbonate loading protocols.

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Nutritional factors in milk from Brazilian mothers delivering small for gestational age neonates

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0034-89101993000600008 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 455-462 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Anete S. Grumach ◽

Solange E.I. Jerônimo ◽

Marcia Hage ◽

Magda M.S. Carneiro-Sampaio

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Low Birthweight ◽

Total Proteins ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Nutritional Factors ◽

High Sodium ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Preterm Babies ◽

Calcium And Magnesium

The composition of breast milk from brazilian mothers delivering low birthweight infants and its adequacy as a source of nutrients for this group has not yet been fully elucidated. A total of 209 milk samples from 66 women were analysed. The mothers were divided into three groups: G1, mothers delivering term babies of low birthweight (TSGA, n=16); G2, mothers delivering preterm babies of appropriate birthweight (PTAGA, n=20); G3, mothers delivering term babies of appropriate birthweight (TAGA, n=30). The following factors were analysed: osmolarity, total proteins and protein fractions, creamatocrit, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Milk samples were collected 48 h and 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after delivery. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of osmolarity, total proteins and fractions, creamatocrit, calcium, magnesium or potassium throughout the study period. Sodium levels were higher in all samples from mothers of TSGA infants and in samples from mothers of PTAGA infants on the 7th, 15th and 30th days than in milk from the TAGA group. The authors consider the needs of the low birthweight and TAGA infants and that these high sodium levels may be necessary for growth of low birthweight infants.

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