Epa's Response to Resistance Management and Herbicide-Tolerant Crop Issues

The regulation of transgenic plants is at the very early stages of dialog between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Herbicide resistance is discussed in the broader terms of resistance management and of the cooperative efforts underway involving governments, industry, academia, and the environmental community on an international level. A new body, the International Organization for Resistant Pest Management (IOPRM) was formed to implement pesticide resistance management programs worldwide. The research base for integrated pest management programs which form the context for pesticide resistance management programs is in need of expansion. Public and private efforts to expand this base converge in an ambitious collaborative program between the U.S. EPA and USDA entitled the National Integrated Pest Management Forum. Finally, the potential role of EPA in the regulation of resistance management is discussed.

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Resistance is not the end: lessons from pest management

Cancer Control ◽

10.1177/1073274820922543 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 107327482092254

Author(s):

Christopher J. Whelan ◽

Jessica J. Cunningham

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Pest Management ◽

Metastatic Disease ◽

Cancer Biology ◽

Metastatic Cancer ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Damage ◽

Pesticide Resistance ◽

Close Monitoring

The “war on cancer” began over 40 years ago with the signing of the National Cancer Act of 1971. Currently, complete eradication has proven possible in early stage premetastatic disease with increasingly successful early detection and surgery protocols; however, late stage metastatic disease remains invariably fatal. One of the main causes of treatment failure in metastatic disease is the ability of cancer cells to evolve resistance to currently available therapies. Evolution of resistance to control measures is a universal problem. While it may seem that the mechanisms of resistance employed by cancer cells are impossible to control, we show that many of the resistance mechanisms are mirrored in agricultural pests. In this way, we argue that measures developed in the agricultural industry to slow or prevent pesticide resistance could be adopted in clinical cancer biology to do the same. The agriculture industry recognized the problem of pesticide resistance and responded by developing and enforcing guidelines on resistance management and prevention. These guidelines, known as integrated pest management (IPM), do not encourage eradication of pests but instead strive to maintain pests, even with the presence of resistant strains, at a level that does not cause economic damage to the crops. Integrated pest management inspired management of metastatic cancer could result in the slowing or curtailing of widespread resistance to treatment, reducing overall drug usage, and increasing the survival and quality of life of patients with cancer. Using IPM principles as a foundation and shifting the goal of treatment of metastatic disease to long-term management will require close monitoring of evolving tumor populations, judicious application of currently available therapies, and development of new criteria of success.

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Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Tactics by Wisconsin Farmers

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-05-095r1.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 756-767 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Clarissa M. Hammond ◽

Edward C. Luschei ◽

Chris M. Boerboom ◽

Pete J. Nowak

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Farm Size ◽

Management Decision ◽

Dairy Farmers ◽

Management Decision Making ◽

Large Farms

Agronomic research and extension personnel generally recognize the benefits of integrated pest management (IPM) but IPM practices have not been rapidly adopted by farmers. In order for applied research and extension programs to be as influential as possible, strategies and tactics must be evaluated in the context of the real-world constraints experienced by farmers. We investigated the linkage between farmers' pest management behaviors, attitudes, and constraints by analyzing an extensive corn pest management survey distributed throughout Wisconsin in 2002. Our objectives were to (1) create a benchmark against which future changes in pest management practices could be detected and (2) explore potential associations between practices and farm characteristics, e.g., farm size or commodity produced. A total of 213 farmers responded with descriptions of their operations; weed, insect, and disease pest management practices; crop consultant usage; interactions with their local agrichemical dealer; and attitudes regarding pest management decision-making. We compared the relative responses of cash-grain and dairy farmers as well as managers of large and small farms. Larger farm size and percentage of operation in cash-grain production were associated with an increased frequency of rotating crops, rotating herbicide families, and use of a broadcast herbicide application. Managers of large farms and/or cash-grain crops also more frequently indicated considering the level of pest control, price, carryover potential, weed resistance management, environmental safety, and risk to the applicator than did dairy or small-sized operations. Cash-grain farmers had significantly higher scores on a calculated IPM index than did dairy farmers (P < 0.0001). We also found a significant positive relationship between farm size and IPM score (P < 0.0001). Our results provide a benchmark for future comparisons of IPM adoption rates in Wisconsin and highlight the association between IPM research/extension and farmers' management behavior.

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Evidence for resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates inPlutella xylostella(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) from Pakistan

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485307004877 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 97 (2) ◽

pp. 191-200 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

A. Khaliq ◽

M.N.R. Attique ◽

A.H. Sayyed

Keyword(s):

Insecticide Resistance ◽

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Plutella Xylostella ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Laboratory Population ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Low Toxicity

AbstractThe susceptibility of representative pyrethroid (cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, bifenthrin), organophosphate (chlorpyriphos, triazophos, profenophos) and new chemistry insecticides (spinosad, indoxacarb and emamectin) was investigated for 18 field populations ofPlutella xylostella(Linnaeus) from three different zones in Pakistan. The LC50(mg ml−1; 48 h) values of pyrethroids for various populations ranged from 0.19–1.88 for cypermethrin, 0.31–2.64 for deltamethrin, 0.08–1.16 for lambdacyhalothrin and 0.07–0.88 for bifenthrin. The LC50(mg ml−1; 48 h) of organophosphates ranged from 0.52–5.67 for chlorpyriphos, 0.37–4.14 for triazophos and 0.03–2.65 for profenophos. The most probable reason for low toxicity of organophosphates and pyrethroids is the evolution of multiple resistance mechanisms; however, further studies are required to establish these mechanisms. When these same products were tested against a susceptible laboratory population (Lab-Pak), the new chemistry compounds were significantly more toxic than pyrethroids and organophosphates. The results are discussed in relation to integrated pest management and insecticide resistance management strategies forP. xylostella.

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Dietary Estimates of Dioxins Consumed in U.S. Department of Agriculture–Regulated Meat and Poultry Products†

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-046 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 76 (9) ◽

pp. 1597-1607 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

KERRY L. DEARFIELD ◽

SARAH R. EDWARDS ◽

MARGARET M. O'KEEFE ◽

NASER M. ABDELMAJID ◽

ASHLEY J. BLANCHARD ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Consumption Patterns ◽

Protection Agency ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

Only Children ◽

Poultry Products ◽

Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽

Inspection Service ◽

The U.S

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) examined whether levels of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) measured in FSIS-regulated meat and poultry products indicate possible concern for U.S. public health based on usual and recommended consumption patterns of meat and poultry for the U.S. population. The FSIS estimated daily dietary exposures and compared them with the reference dose (RfD) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for potential noncancer risks from 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), assuming that all measured DLCs were represented by the RfD (i.e., not just TCDD alone). The estimates indicate that a typical U.S. adult daily exposure of DLCs from FSIS-regulated products is below the EPA-established RfD. Only children consuming chronic average daily servings of meat or poultry products containing the highest measured levels of DLCs may exceed the RfD. If one follows the recommendations from the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, all expected exposures to DLCs from FSIS-regulated products are estimated to be well below the RfD.

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Florida Solid and Hazardous Waste Regulation Handbook: Federal Legislation

EDIS ◽

10.32473/edis-fe443-2003 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 2004 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Michael T. Olexa ◽

Aaron Leviten ◽

Kelly Samek

Keyword(s):

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Solid Waste Management ◽

Cooperative Extension Service ◽

Federal Agencies ◽

Coast Guard ◽

Army Corps ◽

Army Corps Of Engineers ◽

Department Of Agriculture ◽

University Of Florida ◽

The U.S

This document discusses the important federal laws and regulations that impact solid waste management. Each particular statute is “explained” as it would probably apply to you. It also includes a brief description of the federal agencies responsible for implementing and enforcing these statutes. First and foremost is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), but other federal agencies, such as the Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Coast Guard, may become involved in the disposal of solid and hazardous wastes. This is EDIS document FE443, a publication of the Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, UF/IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Published December 2003. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe443

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Integrated Pest Management and Resistance Management Systems

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/978-1-4684-7071-0_10 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 179-193

Author(s):

William T. Vorley ◽

Volker Dittrich

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Management Systems

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Integrated pest management in cotton: exploiting behaviour-modifying (semiochemical) compounds for managing cotton pests

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp13060 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 64 (8) ◽

pp. 763 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Robert K. Mensah ◽

Peter C. Gregg ◽

Alice P. Del Socorro ◽

Christopher J. Moore ◽

Anthony J. Hawes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

New Technologies ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Resistance Management ◽

Transgenic Cotton ◽

Cotton Pests ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Advanced Stages ◽

Research Centres

We review here research on semiochemicals for cotton pest management carried out in successive Cotton Co-operative Research Centres from 1998 to 2012. Australian cotton is now dominated by transgenic (Bt) varieties, which provide a strong platform for integrated pest management of key pests such as Helicoverpa spp., but new technologies are required to manage the development of resistance in Helicoverpa spp. to transgenic cotton and the problems posed by emerging and secondary pests, especially sucking insects. A long-range attractant for Helicoverpa moths, based on plant volatiles, has been commercialised as Magnet®. The product has substantial area-wide impacts on moth populations, and only limited effects on beneficial insects. Potential roles are being investigated for this product in resistance management of Helicoverpa spp. on transgenic cotton. Short-range, non-volatile compounds on organ surfaces of plants that do not support development of Helicoverpa spp. have been identified; these compounds deter feeding or oviposition, or are toxic to insect pests. One such product, Sero X®, is effective on Helicoverpa spp. and sucking pests such as whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), green mirids (Creontiades dilutus), and other hemipteran insects, and is in the advanced stages of commercialisation.

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