scholarly journals Resistance is not the end: lessons from pest management

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 107327482092254
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Whelan ◽  
Jessica J. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Pesticide Resistance ◽  
Close Monitoring

The “war on cancer” began over 40 years ago with the signing of the National Cancer Act of 1971. Currently, complete eradication has proven possible in early stage premetastatic disease with increasingly successful early detection and surgery protocols; however, late stage metastatic disease remains invariably fatal. One of the main causes of treatment failure in metastatic disease is the ability of cancer cells to evolve resistance to currently available therapies. Evolution of resistance to control measures is a universal problem. While it may seem that the mechanisms of resistance employed by cancer cells are impossible to control, we show that many of the resistance mechanisms are mirrored in agricultural pests. In this way, we argue that measures developed in the agricultural industry to slow or prevent pesticide resistance could be adopted in clinical cancer biology to do the same. The agriculture industry recognized the problem of pesticide resistance and responded by developing and enforcing guidelines on resistance management and prevention. These guidelines, known as integrated pest management (IPM), do not encourage eradication of pests but instead strive to maintain pests, even with the presence of resistant strains, at a level that does not cause economic damage to the crops. Integrated pest management inspired management of metastatic cancer could result in the slowing or curtailing of widespread resistance to treatment, reducing overall drug usage, and increasing the survival and quality of life of patients with cancer. Using IPM principles as a foundation and shifting the goal of treatment of metastatic disease to long-term management will require close monitoring of evolving tumor populations, judicious application of currently available therapies, and development of new criteria of success.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Risk, Risk Aversion, and Barriers to Adoption of Decision Support Systems and Integrated Pest Management: An Introduction

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 640-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Gent ◽  
Erick De Wolf ◽  
Sarah J. Pethybridge
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk

Rational management of plant diseases, both economically and environmentally, involves assessing risks and the costs associated with both correct and incorrect tactical management decisions to determine when control measures are warranted. Decision support systems can help to inform users of plant disease risk and thus assist in accurately targeting events critical for management. However, in many instances adoption of these systems for use in routine disease management has been perceived as slow. The under-utilization of some decision support systems is likely due to both technical and perception constraints that have not been addressed adequately during development and implementation phases. Growers' perceptions of risk and their aversion to these perceived risks can be reasons for the “slow” uptake of decision support systems and, more broadly, integrated pest management (IPM). Decision theory provides some tools that may assist in quantifying and incorporating subjective and/or measured probabilities of disease occurrence or crop loss into decision support systems. Incorporation of subjective probabilities into IPM recommendations may be one means to reduce grower uncertainty and improve trust of these systems because management recommendations could be explicitly informed by growers' perceptions of risk and economic utility. Ultimately though, we suggest that an appropriate measure of the value and impact of decision support systems is grower education that enables more skillful and informed management decisions independent of consultation of the support tool outputs.

A NEW MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR OPTIMAL CONTROL STRATEGIES OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 219-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
XINZHU MENG ◽  
ZHITAO SONG ◽  
LANSUN CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Solution ◽  
Control Problem ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Impulsive Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Pest Population ◽  
The Given

A state-dependent impulsive SI epidemic model for integrated pest management (IPM) is proposed and investigated. We shall examine an optimal impulsive control problem in the management of an epidemic to control a pest population. We introduce a small amount of pathogen into a pest population with the expectation that it will generate an epidemic and that it will subsequently be endemic such that the number of pests is no larger than the given economic threshold (ET), so that the pests cannot cause economic damage. This is the biological control strategy given in the present paper. The combination strategy of pulse capturing (susceptible individuals) and pulse releasing (infective individuals) is implemented in the model if the number of pests (susceptible) reaches the ET. Firstly, the impulsive control problem is to drive the pest population below a given pest level and to do so in a manner which minimizes a weighted sum of the cost of using the control. Hence, for a one time impulsive effect we obtain the optimal strategy in terms of total cost such that the number of pests is no larger than the given ET. Secondly, we show the existence of periodic solution with the number of pests no larger than ET, and by using the Analogue of the Poincaré Criterion we prove that it is asymptotically stable under a planned impulsive control strategy. Further, the period T of the periodic solution is calculated, which can be used to estimate how long the pest population will take to return back to its pre-control level. The main feature of the present paper is to apply an SI infectious disease model to IPM, and some pests control strategies are given.

scholarly journals Challenges for integrated pest management of Dasineura brassicae in oilseed rape

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-656
Author(s):  
Johannes Hausmann
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Pest Insect ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Pest Insects ◽  
Dasineura Brassicae

AbstractThe use of insecticides in flowering oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) against pest insects such as the brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae W.) often conflicts with the protection of pollinating and beneficial insects. Dasineura brassicae is a major pest insect in European oilseed rape production. However, a comprehensive and sustainable pest control strategy within the framework of integrated pest management (IPM) does not exist, and little research on the insect has been published during the past two decades. This paper reviews the existing knowledge about D. brassicae along its life cycle and is intended to form the basis for further research activities on pod-damaging pest insects in oilseed rape. Important knowledge gaps are identified, regarding the significance of natural enemies, diapause induction, and predictions on damage potential, based on initial pest insect population. The short lifespan of the adults is particularly challenging in praxis. The implementation of IPM for D. brassicae is discussed on the basis of the four IPM steps (set an economic threshold, establish pest monitoring, preventive measures, and direct control measures) and remaining hurdles, as well as potential solutions for a better IPM, are identified. For D. brassicae, there is no science-based economic threshold and no applicable monitoring methods for farmers, which hinders a field-specific damage forecast and the precise timing of insecticide applications. Research into improved monitoring (e.g. selective attractants, real-time monitoring using remote-sensing technologies) appears to be a promising step towards an integrated pest management of D. brassicae.

DIFFICULTIES IMPLEMENTING A MODELLING-BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR ALFALFA

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (S143) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
New York State ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Project Staff

AbstractA key element of a project designed for integrated pest management in alfalfa fields in New York State is a comprehensive simulation model. The model was developed as a guide for growers to determine when the costs of control measures against alfalfa weevil would be worthwhile. The model incorporates crop and insect submodels. Optimization techniques were used to identify the more cost effective of the possible management strategies. The project has been an unqualified success from a research standpoint but the results are not widely implemented by growers. In this respect, the project has suffered from institutional problems at the research level, lack of confidence and commitment in extension, and skepticism among growers. To rectify this situation, project staff recently adopted new approaches for implementing the program.

Integrated Weed Management–A Component of Integrated Pest Management: A Critical Review

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Thill ◽  
Joan M. Lish ◽  
Robert H. Callihan ◽  
Edward J. Bechinski
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Weed Science ◽  
Interdisciplinary Practice

Integrated weed management (IWM) is a component of integrated pest management (IPM), which is an interdisciplinary practice involving disciplines such as entomology, nematology, plant pathology, weed science, horticulture, agronomy, ecology, economics, and systems science. Most descriptions of IPM mention three elements: a) multiple tactics (for example, competitive varieties, cultural practices, herbicide usage) used in a compatible manner; b) pest populations maintained below levels that cause economic damage, and c) conservation of environmental quality. Integrated weed management was discussed in 1981 during a Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) Symposium entitled Integrated Weed Management Systems Technology for Crop Production and Protection. Topics presented included modeling weed biology, crop manipulation, biological control, herbicide technology, research needs, teaching approaches, and extension implementation. Our paper was presented as part of a symposium on IWM at the 1990 WSSA meeting. This paper describes some of the research that weed scientists have conducted during the past 40 yr. Topics examined include an introductory review of IPM, trends in several categories of weed research, goals and suggestions stated during the 1981 WSSA Symposium on IWM, IWM accomplishments since about 1981, and the future of IWM as a component of IPM.

scholarly journals A Holling Type II Pest and Natural Enemy Model with Density Dependent IPM Strategy

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Wang ◽  
Yuan Tian ◽  
Sanyi Tang
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Solution ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Impulsive Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Threshold Condition ◽  
Density Dependent

Resource limitations and density dependent releasing of natural enemies during the pest control and integrated pest management will undoubtedly result in nonlinear impulsive control. In order to investigate the effects of those nonlinear control strategies on the successful pest control, we have proposed a pest-natural enemy system concerning integrated pest management with density dependent instant killing rate and releasing rate. In particular, the releasing rate depicts how the number of natural enemy populations released was guided by their current density at the fixed moment. The threshold condition which ensures the existence and global stability of pest-free periodic solution has been discussed first, and the effects of key parameters on the threshold condition reveal that reducing the pulse period does not always benefit pest control; that is, frequent releasing of natural enemies may not be beneficial to the eradication of pests when the density dependent releasing method has been implemented. Moreover, the forward and backward bifurcations could occur once the pest-free periodic solution becomes unstable, and the system could exist with very complex dynamics. All those results confirm that the control actions should be carefully designed once the nonlinear impulsive control measures have been taken for pest management.

An SI integrated pest management model with pesticide resistance to susceptible pests

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 2050037
Author(s):  
Jinyang Li ◽  
Qingdao Huang ◽  
Bing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Pesticide Resistance ◽  
Threshold Condition ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Induce Resistance ◽  
Action Process

In this paper, epidemic diseases among pests are assumed to occur, so pests are divided into susceptible pests and infected pests, and only susceptible pests are harmful to crops. Considering spraying pesticides and releasing of natural enemies and infected pests to control pests, as well as the long-term application of the same pesticide to induce resistance, an integrated pest management with pesticide resistance is established. The pollution emission model is introduced to model the action process of pesticides, which well reflects its residual and delay effects. By using comparison theorem of impulsive differential equation and analysis method, the threshold condition for eradication of susceptible pests is obtained. Then we analyze the frequency of spraying pesticide on the success of pests control. It shows that it is not that the more frequently pesticides are applied, the better the result of the susceptible pests control is. From the sensitivity analysis, the key factors on the threshold are obtained. Finally, the strategies to control susceptible pests are given, including switching pesticides and releasing infected pests and natural enemies elastically.

scholarly journals Storage of Cereals in Warehouses with or without Pesticides

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 846
Author(s):  
Darka Hamel ◽  
Vlatka Rozman ◽  
Anita Liška
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Synthetic Pesticide ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides

At a time when there is much talk of reducing pesticide use and the implementation of integrated pest management, mainly in fields and glass-houses, it is appropriate to consider how cereals in storage are handled and what measures are taken to protect them against insects and other pests. For decades, the use of various synthetic pesticides has been the basis for the proper and long-term storage of cereals, primarily free of insects and mites, but also fungi and their mycotoxins and rodents. However, due to the registered negative effects of synthetic pesticides, such as dichloro-diphenyl-trihloroethane (DDT) or methyl bromide, on human health and the environment, and the appearance of resistance to, e.g., malathion, researchers have been looking for new acceptable control measures. Due to the proven and published non-acceptable data regarding synthetic pesticide effects, a combination of physical, mechanical, and biological measures with the minimal use of synthetic pesticides, under the name of integrated pest management, have been promoted. These combinations include high and low temperatures; the removal of dockages; and the application of pheromones, diatomaceous earth, and natural compounds from various plants, as well as inert gases, predators, and parasites. A ban of any synthetic pesticide usage is currently being considered, which emphasizes the fact that protection should only be performed by measures that do not leave harmful residues. However, the facts show that the application of physical, mechanical, and/or biological measures, besides the fact that they are not necessarily efficient, is very demanding because more knowledge and experience is required, as well as better equipment, greater financial investment, and awareness raising not only for agricultural producers and storage keepers, but also for consumers. In order to use these measures, which are less hazardous to humans and the environment, it is necessary to adapt regulations not only to speed up the registration protocols of low-risk pesticides, but also to prescribe criteria for placing agricultural products on the market, as well as quality standards, i.e., the permitted number of present insects, in addition to their parts in certain types of food. Additionally, we should be aware of control measures for protecting novel food and other non-traditional foods. It is important to continue to combine different protection measures, namely integrated pest management, until all of the other new procedures that must be carried out during the period of storing cereals and other products are clear, in order to ensure the best quality of final products for consumers.

Epa's Response to Resistance Management and Herbicide-Tolerant Crop Issues

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana M. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Pesticide Resistance ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Management Forum ◽  
Collaborative Program ◽  
The U.S

The regulation of transgenic plants is at the very early stages of dialog between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Herbicide resistance is discussed in the broader terms of resistance management and of the cooperative efforts underway involving governments, industry, academia, and the environmental community on an international level. A new body, the International Organization for Resistant Pest Management (IOPRM) was formed to implement pesticide resistance management programs worldwide. The research base for integrated pest management programs which form the context for pesticide resistance management programs is in need of expansion. Public and private efforts to expand this base converge in an ambitious collaborative program between the U.S. EPA and USDA entitled the National Integrated Pest Management Forum. Finally, the potential role of EPA in the regulation of resistance management is discussed.

scholarly journals Potato Cyst Nematodes: Geographical Distribution, Phylogenetic Relationships and Integrated Pest Management Outcomes in Portugal

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria João Camacho ◽  
Eugénia de Andrade ◽  
Manuel Mota ◽  
Filomena Nobrega ◽  
Claudia Vicente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Globodera Pallida ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Potato Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Cyst Nematodes

The identification and phylogenetic relationships of potato cyst nematodes (PCN) were studied to assess the potential value of geographical distribution information for integrated pest management of potato production in Portugal. This research focused on PCN species, Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis. From 2013 until 2019, 748 soil samples from the rhizosphere of different potato cultivars were surveyed in the Portuguese mainland to detect and identify both species and track their location. PCN are widespread invasive species throughout Portugal. In fact, during the survey period an incidence of 22.5% was estimated for the tested samples. The patterns of infestation vary among regions, increasing from south to north, where PCN were first detected. Currently, both species are present in all potato producing regions of the country, with a greater incidence of G. pallida. Phytosanitary control measures are influencing to the observed results. The use of potato cultivars resistant to G. rostochiensis led to a decrease of this species but had no influence on G. pallida detections, which continues its reproduction freely since there are no effective resistant cultivars for this species. The relationship between the presence, infestation rate, spread and geographical distribution of PCN is discussed in terms of behavioral responses of the potato cultivars and the implications for developing new integrated crop protection measures.

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