Spray Carrier Salts Affect Herbicide Toxicity to Kochia (Kochia scoparia)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Herbicide Toxicity ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Calcium chloride in the spray carrier antagonized the toxicity of diethanolamine 2,4-D and sodium 2,4-D, dimethylamine MCPA, sodium bentazon, dimethylamine dicamba and sodium dicamba, sodium acifluorfen, imazamethabenz, ammonium imazethapyr, and isopropylamine glyphosate to kochia in greenhouse experiments. Diammonium sulfate overcame calcium chloride antagonism of the above herbicides, except for glyphosate and imazethapyr. Diammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate adjuvants overcame calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate antagonism of dicamba toxicity to kochia and enhanced toxicity of sodium dicamba to nearly equal that of dimethylamine dicamba.

Optimizing Adjuvants to Overcome Glyphosate Antagonistic Salts

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Glyphosate toxicity to wheat was antagonized more by calcium chloride than sodium bicarbonate. Mixtures of the salts at greater than 100 mg L−1sodium bicarbonate and 200 mg L−1calcium chloride were additive in antagonism of glyphosate in the greenhouse experiments. Surfactant and oil adjuvants did not overcome sodium bicarbonate or calcium chloride antagonism of glyphosate. Oil adjuvants were generally antagonistic to glyphosate. An equation is presented that determines the amount of diammonium sulfate required to overcome glyphosate antagonism based upon the sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium cations in the spray carrier.

2,4-D and Salt Combinations Affect Glyphosate Phytotoxicity

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Ferric Sulfate ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Experiments conducted in the greenhouse indicated that 2,4-D antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat was sodium salt = butoxyethyl ester ≥ diethanolamine. Isopropylamine salt of 2,4-D generally was not antagonistic to glyphosate phytotoxicity. Isopropylamine salt of 2,4-D did not influence the antagonism of glyphosate by inorganic salts in the spray carrier. Antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat by 2,4-D increased when sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, and ferric sulfate were in the spray carrier water. Isopropylamine alone as an adjuvant enhanced glyphosate toxicity to wheat, and overcame ferric sulfate and sodium bicarbonate antagonism of glyphosate. Diammonium sulfate adjuvant overcame antagonism to glyphosate phytotoxicity from 2,4-D, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium chloride each alone or the salts in combination with 2,4-D. Nonionic surfactants differed in enhancement of glyphosate but none overcame antagonism from salts or 2,4-D.

Sodium Bicarbonate Antagonism of Sethoxydim

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Frank A. Manthey ◽  
Edward F. Szelezniak ◽  
Zbigniew Anyska
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Research was conducted to determine the influence of water carrier quality on grass control from sethoxydim. Water from a well near Halliday, ND, where sethoxydim failed to control grasses, contained 650 mg/L sodium and 1650 mg/L bicarbonate. Both sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate when included in the sethoxydim spray reduced grass species control in the greenhouse and field. Sodium carbonate in the spray generally was more antagonistic than sodium bicarbonate to sethoxydim toxicity to grasses. The antagonism from sodium bicarbonate at 6000 mg/L was overcome by diammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate at 2.8 kg/ha or a 28% nitrogen liquid fertilizer at 9.4 L/ha in the sethoxydim spray. These compounds also overcame sodium carbonate and partly overcame the antagonism of sethoxydim by bentazon. Three commercial adjuvants for use with sethoxydim differed in their effect on wheat and oats control with sethoxydim alone or with bentazon.

Salt Antagonism of Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 622-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Ammonium Cation ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Glyphosate is often applied with diammonium sulfate to increase weed control. However, many other salts in the spray carrier have antagonized glyphosate phytotoxicity. Research was conducted with wheat as a bioassay species to further determine the influence of various salts on glyphosate phytotoxicity. Cation antagonism of glyphosate occurred with iron > zinc > calcium ≥ magnesium > sodium > potassium. Ammonium cation with hydroxide or most other anions was not antagonistic. Anions of ammonium compounds were of primary importance in overcoming glyphosate antagonistic salts, while the ammonium cation was neutral or slightly stimulatory with certain anions. Sulfate, phosphate, citrate, and acetate anions were not antagonistic, but nitrate and chloride anions were slightly antagonistic when applied as ammonium salts or acids. Antagonism of glyphosate action by sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride was overcome by phosphoric, sulfuric, and citric acid and phosphate, sulfate, and citrate ammonium salts. Acid and ammonium salts of nitrate and chloride were more effective in overcoming sodium bicarbonate than calcium chloride antagonists of glyphosate. Ferric sulfate antagonism was overcome only by citric, partly by phosphoric and sulfuric but not by nitric and hydrochloric acids or their ammonium salts. Acetic acid, ammonium acetate, and ammonium hydroxide did not overcome any salt antagonism of glyphosate. Glyphosate response to salts was independent of spray carrier pH.

Species Differ in Response to Adjuvants with Glyphosate

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Calcium Antagonism ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Diammonium sulfate often is used as an adjuvant with glyphosate. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine the effectiveness of diammonium sulfate in overcoming calcium antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat, sunflower, kochia, and soybean. Each species was a separate experiment and treatments varied with the experiment. Diammonium sulfate at 0.5% (w/v) in a spray carrier containing calcium chloride (500 ppm calcium) overcame calcium antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat, overcame antagonism and enhanced toxicity to sunflower, but only partly overcame calcium antagonism of toxicity to kochia and soybean. With glyphosate at 100 g ae ha–1, diammonium sulfate at 2% (w/v) in a distilled water spray carrier enhanced toxicity to sunflower from a 11% to a 55% fresh weight reduction but was antagonistic to glyphosate toxicity to kochia and soybean.

2,4-D Amine Antagonism by Salts

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Zenon Woznica ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Iron Salts ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate ◽  
Phosphate Salts

Research was conducted to determine the influence of salts on 2,4-D toxicity to kochia. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iron salts except for sulfate and phosphate salts of calcium and sodium were antagonistic to 2,4-D diethanolamine. None of the ammonium salts antagonized 2,4-D control of kochia. Effects of individual ions generally antagonistic to 2,4-D were additive when in mixture. 2,4-D generally controlled kochia better when mixed with various acids than with their ammonium salts in distilled, sodium bicarbonate, or ferric sulfate water carriers, relating to the lower pH with the acids. However, low pH was not essential in overcoming salt antagonism of 2,4-D for kochia control, nor was 2,4-D always effective with low pH. Sulfate and monobasic phosphate anions were most effective in overcoming sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride antagonism of 2,4-D. The concentration of diammonium sulfate needed to overcome sodium bicarbonate antagonism of 2,4-D increased with sodium bicarbonate concentration. Diammonium sulfate at 2% (w/v) overcame 1200 mg L–1sodium as sodium bicarbonate. Nonionic surfactants and oil adjuvants also overcame antagonism of 2,4-D caused by water from several sources.

The Experimental Investigation of Fouling Phenomenon in Heat Exchangers by Heat Transfer Resistance Monitoring (HTRM) Method

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Izadi ◽  
D. K. Aidun ◽  
P. Marzocca ◽  
H. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Fouling Resistance ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Particulate Fouling

The aim of this paper is to describe a monitoring system for fouling phenomenon in tubular heat exchangers. This system is based on a physical model of the fouling resistance. A mathematical model of the fouling resistance is developed based on the applied thermal heat, the inside heat transfer coefficient, and geometrical characteristics of the heat exchanger under consideration. The resulting model is a function of measured quantities such as water and tube wall temperatures, fluid flow velocities, and some physical properties of the fluid flowing inside the tubes such as viscosity, conductivity, and density. An on-line fouling evaluation system was prepared and the heat transfer resistance for selected solutions was measured in real time by this system. The effect of concentration and chemical reactions on fouling is studied experimentally by using different contaminants such as sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, and their mixture. Accelerated corrosion was observed for the calcium chloride-0.4g/l solution due to the presence of chlorine ions. This corrosion-fouling can be mitigated by adding sodium bicarbonate. However, calcium carbonate is formed as the result of the chemical reaction between calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate which activates two other fouling categories, particulate fouling and crystallization. The inside surface of the tube is analyzed by analytical microscopy after the experiment to investigate different fouling categories. Experimental results provide quantitative information of liquid-side fouling on heat transfer surfaces, and its effects on the thermal efficiency. Experimental data is significantly important for the design, and for formulating operating, and cleaning schedules of the equipment.

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