Species Differ in Response to Adjuvants with Glyphosate

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Calcium Antagonism ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Diammonium sulfate often is used as an adjuvant with glyphosate. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to determine the effectiveness of diammonium sulfate in overcoming calcium antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat, sunflower, kochia, and soybean. Each species was a separate experiment and treatments varied with the experiment. Diammonium sulfate at 0.5% (w/v) in a spray carrier containing calcium chloride (500 ppm calcium) overcame calcium antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat, overcame antagonism and enhanced toxicity to sunflower, but only partly overcame calcium antagonism of toxicity to kochia and soybean. With glyphosate at 100 g ae ha–1, diammonium sulfate at 2% (w/v) in a distilled water spray carrier enhanced toxicity to sunflower from a 11% to a 55% fresh weight reduction but was antagonistic to glyphosate toxicity to kochia and soybean.

scholarly journals Foliar spray of gibberellic acid influences morphological attributes and foliage yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Dhiman Das ◽  
Asim Kumar Bhadra ◽  
Mohd Moniruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Water Spray ◽  
Single Plant ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Different Doses

A field experiment was conducted at the research field of Sher-e- Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during the period from December 1, 2016 to January 11, 2017 to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on vegetative growth, morphological attributes and foliage (leaf) yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The experimental treatments consisted of eight different doses of GA3 viz., 0 (distilled water spray), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ppm. The variety Rosina (Pahuja Co., India) was used as planting material and different doses of GA3 were applied on the plants at 25 and 30 days after sowing. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. GA3 had significant effect on vegetative growth, morphology, foliage yield and yield contributing characters of coriander. Plant height, number of leaves plant-1, leaf length, plant spread and single plant weight were found maximum from the application of GA3 at 20 ppm, which was closely followed by 25 ppm GA3. Application of GA3 at 20 ppm produced the highest weight of foliage m-2. A strong positive correlation of foliage yield was observed with plant height, number of leaves plant-1, leaf length, plant spread, single plant weight and weight of foliage m-2. Application of GA3 at 20 ppm gave maximum foliage yield (9.34 t ha-1) which was followed by GA3 at 15 ppm (8.46 t ha-1) and 25 ppm (8.06 t ha-1), and the minimum foliage yield was recorded from control (distilled water spray) (4.90 t ha-1). Application of GA3 at 20 ppm increased foliage yield over control by 47.54 %. A quadratic relationship between applied GA3 concentration and foliage yield was found; the regression equation was y = 4.87 + 0.375x – 0.009x2 from which it came up to be optimum dose of GA3 as 20.83 ppm.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(1): 1-9, April 2018

scholarly journals Longevity of wild pansy flowers treated with growth regulators

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Tania Pires Da Silva ◽  
Fernanda Ferreira Araujo ◽  
Fernando Luiz Finger
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
And Control

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth regulators action on the senescence of wild pansy flowers. In the first experiment, floral stems were treated with ethylene for 24 hours at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 μL L-1 and control without the hormone. In a second experiment, the flowers were immersed in solutions of abscisic acid (ABA) containing 5, 20, 50 and 100 μM for one minute and control with water. In a third experiment, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 μL L-1 and control without the chemical. In a fourth experiment, 1-MCP and ethylene were applied, where 1-MCP was first applied followed by ethylene. After the treatments with 1-MCP and ethylene, the floral stems were removed from the hermetic chambers and kept in a vessel containing distilled water at 25 °C, 10 μmol m-2 s- 1 white fluorescent light and 50-70% relative humidity as for the ABA treatment. Flowers treated with ethylene did not present significant differences among the concentrations for visual senescence, showing evidence that this flower is not sensitive to ethylene. Treatment with 1000 μL L-1 of ethylene led to a slightly higher fresh weight loss than other treatments, which had a loss of about 33% at end of the experiment. For the ABA treatment, the flowers showed similar fresh weight loss among the different treatments; however, higher concentrations induced slight senescence of flowers. The use of 1-MCP increased the longevity of wild pansy flowers. These results show that 1-MCP is beneficial in maintaining the flower water status, even in the presence of exogenous ethylene, although ethylene may not be directly involved in the senescence of wild pansy flowers.

scholarly journals First Report of Glyphosate-Resistant Biotype of Eleusine Indica (L.) Gaertn. in Europe

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1692
Author(s):  
Donato Loddo ◽  
Gaetano Imperatore ◽  
Andrea Milani ◽  
Silvia Panozzo ◽  
Silvia Farinati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Dna Analyses ◽  
Plant Nursery ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Target Site Resistance

Glyphosate-resistant biotypes of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. have been detected in Asia, the Americas but not in Europe. The aim of this study was to evaluate resistance levels and possible target site resistance mechanisms of an E. indica biotype (19-1) collected from a plant nursery in Southern Italy where poor glyphosate efficacy was reported. Two dose-response experiments were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of biotype 19-1 to glyphosate in comparison with two susceptible checks. 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) sequencing was performed to identify possible mutations conferring the resistance. The susceptible biotypes were completely controlled at the glyphosate recommended field dose of 360 g ae ha−1, while 50% of the plants of biotype 19-1 survived at 1440 g ae ha−1. The resistance index of biotype 19-1 ranged between 5.8 and 7.3 for the response variables of fresh weight reduction and plant survival, respectively. All the plants surviving glyphosate application and sampled for DNA analyses had the point mutation P106A. The biotype 19-1 can be confirmed as glyphosate-resistant, representing the first glyphosate-resistant population of E. indica in Europe.

Ammonium Sulfate Effects on the Activity of Herbicides for Selective Grass Control

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Neil Harker
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Uv Degradation ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Rapid Absorption ◽  
Plant Cuticles

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted from 1987 to 1990 at the Lacombe Research Station to determine the influence of ammonium sulfate (AS) on various grass control herbicides. In field studies, AS had slight or no effects on the phytotoxicity of aryloxyphenoxypropanoate (APP) herbicides (fenoxaprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, and quizalofop). The largest AS-mediated increase in APP herbicide phytotoxicity was 19% (based on fresh weight reduction) for wild oat with haloxyfop at 50 g/ha. AS consistently mediated increases in cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicide phytotoxicity. With added AS, barley fresh weight was reduced 75% (1988) with BAS 517 at 50 g/ha, and 100% (1990) with clethodim at 25 g/ha. Greenhouse studies confirmed field studies, but differences were less substantial and consistent. It is suggested that APP herbicides are either less susceptible to UV degradation than CHD herbicides, and/or that APP herbicides may penetrate plant cuticles quickly enough to nullify any protection from UV degradation that AS might provide via rapid absorption.

scholarly journals Multiple Resistance in Palmer Amaranth to Glyphosate and Pyrithiobac Confirmed in Georgia

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Sosnoskie ◽  
Jeremy M. Kichler ◽  
Rebekah D. Wallace ◽  
A. Stanley Culpepper
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Weight Reduction ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Herbicide Glyphosate

In 2006, Palmer amaranth with confirmed resistance to glyphosate (GLY-R) was not controlled effectively in cotton with pyrithiobac, an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide. Glyphosate at 870 g ae ha−1or pyrithiobac at 70 g ai ha−1applied postemergence provided 5 to 28% control of a putative GLY/ALS-R Palmer amaranth biotype in the field. Glyphosate at 6,930 g ha−1and pyrithiobac at 420 g ha−1applied alone provided no more than 89 and 65% control 1 to 8 wk after treatment (WAT), respectively. When applied as a tank mixture, glyphosate plus pyrithiobac at 870 + 70 g ha−1provided between 16 and 41% control; glyphosate plus pyrithiobac at 6,930 + 420 g ha−1controlled the Palmer amaranth in the field 89 to 95%. Dose-response analyses developed from greenhouse data indicated that the estimated glyphosate rates required to produce 50% injury and reduce plant fresh weights by 50% relative to the nontreated control in a suspected GLY/ALS-R Palmer amaranth biotype were 12 and 14 times greater, respectively, than the estimated values for the susceptible (S) biotype. The predicted pyrithiobac rates required to produce the same responses in the putative resistant population were 151 (50% injury) and 563 times (50% fresh weight reduction) greater than the estimated rates for the S biotype. Field and greenhouse analyses confirm that the Palmer amaranth biotype evaluated in both studies is resistant to glyphosate and an ALS-inhibiting herbicide.

2,4-D and Salt Combinations Affect Glyphosate Phytotoxicity

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Ferric Sulfate ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Experiments conducted in the greenhouse indicated that 2,4-D antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat was sodium salt = butoxyethyl ester ≥ diethanolamine. Isopropylamine salt of 2,4-D generally was not antagonistic to glyphosate phytotoxicity. Isopropylamine salt of 2,4-D did not influence the antagonism of glyphosate by inorganic salts in the spray carrier. Antagonism of glyphosate toxicity to wheat by 2,4-D increased when sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, and ferric sulfate were in the spray carrier water. Isopropylamine alone as an adjuvant enhanced glyphosate toxicity to wheat, and overcame ferric sulfate and sodium bicarbonate antagonism of glyphosate. Diammonium sulfate adjuvant overcame antagonism to glyphosate phytotoxicity from 2,4-D, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium chloride each alone or the salts in combination with 2,4-D. Nonionic surfactants differed in enhancement of glyphosate but none overcame antagonism from salts or 2,4-D.

Optimizing Adjuvants to Overcome Glyphosate Antagonistic Salts

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Glyphosate toxicity to wheat was antagonized more by calcium chloride than sodium bicarbonate. Mixtures of the salts at greater than 100 mg L−1sodium bicarbonate and 200 mg L−1calcium chloride were additive in antagonism of glyphosate in the greenhouse experiments. Surfactant and oil adjuvants did not overcome sodium bicarbonate or calcium chloride antagonism of glyphosate. Oil adjuvants were generally antagonistic to glyphosate. An equation is presented that determines the amount of diammonium sulfate required to overcome glyphosate antagonism based upon the sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium cations in the spray carrier.

scholarly journals Quantification of Quercetin in Onion (Allium Cepa) after Domestic Processing

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 567E-567d
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Lombard ◽  
Ellen Peffley ◽  
Leslie Thompson ◽  
Emmanuel Geoffriau ◽  
Jay Morris
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Domestic Processing ◽  
Red Variety ◽  
Quercetin Concentration

The flavonol quercetin has been reported as having many health benefits, including a reduction in the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, stroke, and some types of cancer. The overall content of quercetin in onion was examined in four yellow varieties (`Rio Rita', `RNX 10968', `Predator', and `Tamara') and one red variety purchased at a local grocery store. Each bulb was quartered, with one quarter saved as a control and the other three quarters subjected to three cooking treatments that simulated common domestic processing methods of preparing onion. The treatments included sautéing in sunflower oil for 5 minutes at 93 °C, baking for 15 min. at 176 °C, and boiling for 5 minutes in distilled water. Samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen, ground to a fine powder, blended with 80% EtOH, and filtered for quercetin extraction. The filtrate was then analyzed with a spectrophotometer (uv 374 nm). Quercetin concentrations were obtained in mg quercetin/kg fresh weight of tissue by regressing spectrophotometer readings onto a standard curve. Significant differences between varieties were found when examining fresh samples alone with the red variety containing the highest content of quercetin. Results of cooking showed that sautéing produced an overall 27% gain in quercetin concentration (significantly higher than the fresh control), baking produced an overall 4% gain in concentration (insignificant from the fresh control), while boiling produced an overall 18% loss in quercetin concentration (significantly lower than the fresh control).

scholarly journals Study on the flower growth and opening to extend the vase life of the cut lotus flower (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Thuan Thi Ngoc Nguyen ◽  
Viet Trang Bui
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Lotus Flower ◽  
Flower Growth ◽  
Flower Stage

Morphological and physiological changes were investigated during flower growth and opening to extend the vase life of cut lotus flowers. When holding the flowers in distilled water, the edge of petals and the top edge of petals became black, and the stems were bent after 17 hours. Flowers fully opened and senesced after 25 hours. At full opening flower stage, there were decreases in fresh weight, and content of starch, auxin and zeatin, and increases in dry weight, and content of total sugar, anthocyanins and flavonols, ABA and gibberellin. Petal extract showed the presence two absorption peaks at 354 nm ( due to flavonols) and 535 nm (due to anthocyanins). Among the treatments, the combination of wilted flower (5 % fresh weight) and spraying of 2 mg/L NAA and 10 % coconut water (with 0,1 % Tween 20) gave a 2 days (43,22 hours) longer for cut lotus flowers than the control.

scholarly journals The Effects of Salinity on Hibiscus syriacus and H. hamabo Seed Germination

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 899C-899
Author(s):  
Moo R. Huh ◽  
Beyoung H. Kwack ◽  
Leonard P. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
Hibiscus Syriacus

In this experiment, the effects of salinity from 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 5.0 % NaCl on Hibiscus syriacus L. and Hibiscus hamabo Sieb. & Zucc. seed germination with various temperature and Ca treatments was investigated in petri dishes with 10 ml of distilled water or with the appropriate saline solution. At 11 days after treatment, the highest germination rate was obtained at 20C with H. syriacus and 25C with H. hamabo without NaCl and Ca treatments. At 25C, only H. hamabo seeds germinated with 1% NaCl, with dry and fresh weight increasing as Ca concentration increased. With 0.5% NaCl treatment, the germination rate of H. hamabo and H. syriacus increased as Ca concentrations (0.0, 13.35, and 133.5 mM) increased. Without NaCl treatments, hypocotyl and leaf length and width of H. syriacus were longer than those of H. hamabo; with NaCl treatments, the inverse was true.

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