Sodium Bicarbonate Antagonism of Sethoxydim

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Frank A. Manthey ◽  
Edward F. Szelezniak ◽  
Zbigniew Anyska
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Research was conducted to determine the influence of water carrier quality on grass control from sethoxydim. Water from a well near Halliday, ND, where sethoxydim failed to control grasses, contained 650 mg/L sodium and 1650 mg/L bicarbonate. Both sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate when included in the sethoxydim spray reduced grass species control in the greenhouse and field. Sodium carbonate in the spray generally was more antagonistic than sodium bicarbonate to sethoxydim toxicity to grasses. The antagonism from sodium bicarbonate at 6000 mg/L was overcome by diammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate at 2.8 kg/ha or a 28% nitrogen liquid fertilizer at 9.4 L/ha in the sethoxydim spray. These compounds also overcame sodium carbonate and partly overcame the antagonism of sethoxydim by bentazon. Three commercial adjuvants for use with sethoxydim differed in their effect on wheat and oats control with sethoxydim alone or with bentazon.

Spray Carrier Salts Affect Herbicide Toxicity to Kochia (Kochia scoparia)

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Herbicide Toxicity ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate

Calcium chloride in the spray carrier antagonized the toxicity of diethanolamine 2,4-D and sodium 2,4-D, dimethylamine MCPA, sodium bentazon, dimethylamine dicamba and sodium dicamba, sodium acifluorfen, imazamethabenz, ammonium imazethapyr, and isopropylamine glyphosate to kochia in greenhouse experiments. Diammonium sulfate overcame calcium chloride antagonism of the above herbicides, except for glyphosate and imazethapyr. Diammonium sulfate or ammonium nitrate adjuvants overcame calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate antagonism of dicamba toxicity to kochia and enhanced toxicity of sodium dicamba to nearly equal that of dimethylamine dicamba.

Nitrogen Fertilizer, Oil, and Surfactant Adjuvants with Nicosulfuron

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Tadeusz Praczyk ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymers ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Urea and ammonium nitrate are components of 28% nitrogen liquid fertilizer (UAN) that is often used as an adjuvant in addition to surfactants or oils with herbicides. Ammonium nitrate and/or UAN fertilizer enhancement of nicosulfuron phytotoxicity to large crabgrass or yellow foxtail depended upon the associated oil or surfactant adjuvant. Ammonium nitrate reduced the effectiveness of most block copolymers but not other surfactants with nicosulfuron for large crabgrass. Urea never enhanced and often reduced surfactant and oil adjuvant enhancement of nicosulfuron. Ammonium nitrate or UAN, but not urea, enhanced nicosulfuron phytotoxicity to yellow foxtail when the spray carrier contained sodium bicarbonate. These research results indicated that enhancement of nicosulfuron efficacy from UAN is mainly from the ammonium nitrate component. However, the benefit to nicosulfuron from UAN or ammonium nitrate depended upon the associated surfactant or oil adjuvants.

Spring top-dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ and late sprays of a liquid N-fertilizer and a broad spectrum fungicide for consecutive crops of winter wheat at Saxmundham, Suffolk

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Penny ◽  
F. V. Widdowson ◽  
J. F. Jenkyn
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Content ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer

SummaryAn experiment at Saxmundham, Suffolk, during 1974–6, tested late sprays of a liquid N-fertilizer (ammonium nitrate/urea) supplying 50 kg N/ha, and a broad spectrum fungicide (benomyl and maneb with mancozeb) on winter wheat given, 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N/ha as ‘Nitro-Chalk’ (ammonium nitrate/calcium carbonate) in springMildew (Erysiphe graminisf. sp. tritici) was most severe in 1974. It was increased by N and decreased by the fungicide in both 1974 and 1975, but was negligible in 1976. Septoria (S. nodorum) was very slight in 1974 and none was observed in 1976. It was much more severe in 1975, but was unaffected by the fungicide perhaps because this was applied too late.Yield and N content, number of ears and leaf area index were determined during summer on samples taken from all plots given 100 or 150 kg N/ha in spring; each was larger with 150 than with 100 kg N/ha. The effects of the liquid N-fertilizer on yield and N content varied, but leaf area index was consistently increased. None was affected consistently by the fungicide.Yields, percentages of N in, and amounts of N removed by grain and straw were greatly and consistently increased by each increment of ‘Nitro-Chalk’. Yields of grain were increased (average, 9%) by the liquid fertilizer in 1974 and 1975, and most where most ‘Nitro-Chalk’ had been given, but not in 1976 when the wheat ripened in July; however, both the percentage of N in and the amount of N removed by the grain were increased by the liquid fertilizer each year. The fungicide increased the response to the liquid N-fertilizer in 1974, but not in 1975 when Septoria was not controlled, nor in 1976 when leaf diseases were virtually absent.The weight of 1000 grains was increased by each increment of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ in 1975 but only by the first one (50 kg N/ha) in 1974 and 1976; it was very slightly increased by the liquid fertilizer and by fungicide each year.

scholarly journals Defining features in the kinetics of sodium carbonate-bicarbonate solution carbonization and the quality of the resulting sodium bicarbonate crystals

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10(112)) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Mykola Porokhnia ◽  
Musii Tseitlin ◽  
Svitlana Bukhkalo ◽  
Vladimir Panasenko ◽  
Tetiana Novozhylova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Gas Velocity ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Kinetics Of

This paper reports a study into the influence of temperature and gas consumption on the carbonization kinetics (saturation with carbon dioxide) of sodium carbonate-bicarbonate solution. The study also examined the quality and speed of crystal formation in this process. This research is predetermined by the environmental problems faced by modern enterprises that produce purified sodium bicarbonate – an insufficient degree of carbonization and, as a result, excessive air pollution with carbon dioxide, which did not participate in the reaction during the process. This study addresses these particular issues. As a result of using specialized laboratory equipment, it was found that an increase in the absorbent temperature from 79 to 85 °C leads to a decrease in the maximum degree of carbonization of the solution from 64 to 59 %. In contrast, the quality of the resulting sodium bicarbonate crystals improves but only in the range from 79 to 82 °C. With a further increase in temperature, the quality stabilizes. It is shown that the carbonization rate increases with increasing specific consumption of the absorbent (carbon dioxide) and is characterized by a negative correlation with the value of oversaturation of the absorbent in terms of NaНCO3. The quality of sodium bicarbonate crystals decreases with increasing gas velocity. Thus, it was reasonable to assume that the established dependence of the kinetics of carbonization of Na2CO3 and NaНCO3 solution on the gas velocity in the apparatus is explained by the inhibition of СО2 absorption, which is caused by the diffusion resistance of sodium bicarbonate crystallization. To improve the quality of crystals and the productivity of carbonization by reducing the supersaturation in terms of NaНCO3, it is recommended to introduce a seed crystal in the zone of binding of crystals in the carbonization columns.

2,4-D Amine Antagonism by Salts

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 873-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Zenon Woznica ◽  
Robert Matysiak
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Nonionic Surfactants ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Iron Salts ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Diammonium Sulfate ◽  
Phosphate Salts

Research was conducted to determine the influence of salts on 2,4-D toxicity to kochia. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and iron salts except for sulfate and phosphate salts of calcium and sodium were antagonistic to 2,4-D diethanolamine. None of the ammonium salts antagonized 2,4-D control of kochia. Effects of individual ions generally antagonistic to 2,4-D were additive when in mixture. 2,4-D generally controlled kochia better when mixed with various acids than with their ammonium salts in distilled, sodium bicarbonate, or ferric sulfate water carriers, relating to the lower pH with the acids. However, low pH was not essential in overcoming salt antagonism of 2,4-D for kochia control, nor was 2,4-D always effective with low pH. Sulfate and monobasic phosphate anions were most effective in overcoming sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride antagonism of 2,4-D. The concentration of diammonium sulfate needed to overcome sodium bicarbonate antagonism of 2,4-D increased with sodium bicarbonate concentration. Diammonium sulfate at 2% (w/v) overcame 1200 mg L–1sodium as sodium bicarbonate. Nonionic surfactants and oil adjuvants also overcame antagonism of 2,4-D caused by water from several sources.

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