scholarly journals Cryptosporidiosis in the Isle of Thanet; an outbreak associated with local drinking water

1991 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Joseph ◽  
G. Hamilton ◽  
M. O'Connors ◽  
S. Nicholas ◽  
R. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYAn outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred in the Isle of Thanet during December 1990 and January 1991. A total of 47 cases ranging in age from 2 months to 85 years were identified in residents from the Margate, Broadstairs and Ramsgate areas, with dates of onset of illness from 3 December to 14 January. A case-control study demonstrated a strong statistical association between illness and the consumption of unboiled tap water from a particular source, with evidence of a dose–response relationship. Although no cryptosporidial oocysts were identified in samples of untreated or treated water taken during the investigation, the results were consistent with the view that the source of infection was treated river water which was used to supplement borehole water.

scholarly journals The dose-response relationship between tobacco smoking and the risk of lymphomas: a case-control study

BMC Cancer ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Taborelli ◽  
Maurizio Montella ◽  
Massimo Libra ◽  
Rosamaria Tedeschi ◽  
Anna Crispo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Control Study

scholarly journals Smoking, the environment and meningococcal disease: a case control study

1994 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Stanwell ◽  
J. M. Stuart ◽  
A. O. Hughes ◽  
P. Robinson ◽  
M. B. Griffin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYThis case control study investigated environmental factors in 74 confirmed cases of meningococcal disease (MD). In children aged under 5, passive smoking in the home (30 or more cigarettes daily) was associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 7.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46–38.66). ORs increased both with the numbers of cigarettes smoked and with the number of smokers in the household, suggesting a dose–response relationship. MD in this age group was also significantly associated with household overcrowding (more than 1.5 persons per room) (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.10–32.8), with kisses on the mouth with 4 or more contacts in the previous 2 weeks (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.09–5.56), with exposure to dust from plaster, brick or stone in the previous 2 weeks (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.07–4.65); and with changes in residence (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.0–8.99), marital arguments (OR 3.0, 95 % CI 1.26–7.17) and legal disputes in the previous 6 months (OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.24–7.78). These associations were independent of social class. Public health measures to lower the prevalence of cigarette smoking by parents of young children may reduce the incidence of MD. The influence of building dust and stressful life events merits further investigation.

scholarly journals Damp mouldy housing and early childhood hospital admissions for acute respiratory infection: a case control study

Thorax ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 849-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristram Ingham ◽  
Michael Keall ◽  
Bernadette Jones ◽  
Daniel R T Aldridge ◽  
Anthony C Dowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Housing Quality ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Control Study

IntroductionA gap exists in the literature regarding dose–response associations of objectively assessed housing quality measures, particularly dampness and mould, with hospitalisation for acute respiratory infection (ARI) among children.MethodsA prospective, unmatched case–control study was conducted in two paediatric wards and five general practice clinics in Wellington, New Zealand, over winter/spring 2011–2013. Children aged <2 years who were hospitalised for ARI (cases), and either seen in general practice with ARI not requiring admission or for routine immunisation (controls) were included in the study. Objective housing quality was assessed by independent building assessors, with the assessors blinded to outcome status, using the Respiratory Hazard Index (RHI), a 13-item scale of household quality factors, including an 8-item damp–mould subscale. The main outcome was case–control status. Adjusted ORs (aORs) of the association of housing quality measures with case–control status were estimated, along with the population attributable risk of eliminating dampness–mould on hospitalisation for ARI among New Zealand children.Results188 cases and 454 controls were studied. Higher levels of RHI were associated with elevated odds of hospitalisation (OR 1.11/unit increase (95% CI 1.01 to 1.21)), which weakened after adjustment for season, housing tenure, socioeconomic status and crowding (aOR 1.04/unit increase (95% CI 0.94 to 1.15)). The damp–mould index had a significant, adjusted dose–response relationship with ARI admission (aOR 1.15/unit increase (95% CI 1.02 to 1.30)). By addressing these harmful housing exposures, the rate of admission for ARI would be reduced by 19% or 1700 fewer admissions annually.ConclusionsA dose–response relationship exists between housing quality measures, particularly dampness–mould, and young children’s ARI hospitalisation rates. Initiatives to improve housing quality and to reduce dampness–mould would have a large impact on ARI hospitalisation.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Source, Chlorinated Water, and Colorectal Cancer: A Matched Case-Control Study in Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 117863022110644
Author(s):  
Nebiyou Tafesse ◽  
Massimiliano Porcelli ◽  
Sirak Robele Gari ◽  
Argaw Ambelu
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Stratified Analysis ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Background: There is no study conducted on the association between disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in chlorinated drinking water and colorectal cancer (CRC) in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relation between chlorine based DBPs in drinking water and CRC in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility based matched case control study was conducted involving 224 cases and 448 population controls from June 2020 to May 2021. Cases were defined as histologically confirmed CRC cases. Cases were matched with controls by residence, age, and sex using frequency and individual matching. Geocoding of cases, health facility, and georeferencing of controls were carried out. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Pearson Chi square and Fisher’s exact tests were employed to assess associations. Stratified analysis was used to detect confounding factors and effect modification. A multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to identify risk factors of CRC. Results: Of 214 CRC cases, 148 (69.2%) used chlorinated water whereas out of 428 controls 161 (37.6%) used chlorinated water. In the final regression model, drinking chlorinated surface water (adjusted matched odds ratio [adjusted mOR] = 2.6; 95% CI 1.7-4.0), history of swimming (adjusted mOR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.1), years at the place of current residence (adjusted mOR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.1-2.2), hot tap water use for showering (adjusted mOR; 3.8 = 95% CI 2.5-5.9) were significantly associated with CRC. The stratified analysis confirmed that smoking and meat ingestion were not effect modifiers and confounders. Conclusion: Drinking chlorinated water for extended years is a significant risk factor for CRC in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In addition, hot tap water use for showering, and swimming history are risk factors for CRC. This information is essential to design integrated interventions that consider chlorination by-products and exposure routes toward the prevention and control of CRC in Ethiopia. Initiating alternative methods to chlorine disinfection of drinking water is also essential.

scholarly journals Effect of ambient air pollution on the incidence of colorectal cancer among a diabetic population: a nationwide nested case–control study in Taiwan

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e036955
Author(s):  
Jen-Wen Ma ◽  
Ting-Ju Lai ◽  
Sung-Yuan Hu ◽  
Tzu-Chieh Lin ◽  
Wen-Chao Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Diabetic Population ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

ObjectivesAn increasing number of studies had shown that air pollution exposure may aggravate blood glucose control in patients with diabetes, an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) proposed by some researchers. This study aimed to investigate the impact of exposure to ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) on the incidence of CRC among a diabetic population.DesignA nested case–control study.SettingA subset data retrieved from the Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database.ParticipantsWe identified patients with newly diagnosed diabetes (n=1 164 962) during 1999–2013. Participants who had subsequently developed an incident of CRC were placed into the case group, while controls were matched to the cases at a 4:1 ratio by age, gender, date of diabetes diagnosis and the index date of CRC diagnosis.Methods and outcome measuresAll variables associated with the risk of CRC entered into a multinomial logistic regression model. The dose–response relationship between various average concentrations of PM2.5 exposure and the incidence of CRC was estimated by logistic regression.ResultsThe study included a total of 7719 incident CRC cases matched with 30 876 controls of random sampling. The mean annual concentration of PM2.5 was 35.3 µg/m3. After adjusting for potential confounders, a dose–response relationship was observed between the CRC risks and each interquartile increase of PM2.5 concentration (Q1–Q2: 1.03 (0.95–1.11), Q2–Q3: 1.06 (0.98–1.15), ≥Q3: 1.19 (1.10–1.28) in model 2. The adjusted ORs (95% CI) of CRC incidence for each 10 µg/m3 increment of PM2.5 was 1.08 (1.04–1.11). Moreover, a faster growing adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index (aDCSI) score was noticed in CRC group compared with the controls, which also showed a significant association in our multivariate analysis (adjusted OR=1.28, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.38).ConclusionsLong-term exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 may contribute to an increased incidence of CRC among diabetic populations.

scholarly journals Alendronate Use and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Danish Nested Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikke Viggers ◽  
Zheer Al-Mashhadi ◽  
Jakob Starup-Linde ◽  
Peter Vestergaard
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Nested Case Control ◽  
Control Study

ObjectiveA link has been proposed between glucose homeostasis and bone metabolism. Bisphosphonates are first-line treatment of osteoporosis, and we aimed to investigate whether the risk of developing type 2 diabetes was associated with prior use of alendronate.Research Design and MethodsWe conducted a population-based nested case-control study through access to all discharge diagnoses (ICD-10 system) from the National Danish Patient Registry along with all redeemed drug prescriptions (ATC classification system) from the Health Service Prescription Registry. All cases with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes between 2008 and 2018 were matched on sex and age with 3 randomly selected controls by incidence-density sampling. Exposure was defined as ever use of alendronate and further grouped as effective and compliant use. ORs were calculated by conditional logistic regression analysis with adjustment for several confounders and test for trend for dose-response relationship.ResultsWe included 163,588 patients with type 2 diabetes and 490,764 matched control subjects with a mean age of 67 years and 55% male subjects. The odds of developing type 2 diabetes were lower among ever users of alendronate (multiple adjusted OR: 0.64 [95% CI 0.62-0.66]). A test for trend suggested a dose-response relationship between longer effective use of alendronate and lower risk of type 2 diabetes.ConclusionThese results suggest a possible protective effect of alendronate in a dose-dependent manner against development of type 2 diabetes.

Reusable Needles — A Major Risk Factor for Acute Virus B Hepatitis

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Narendranathan ◽  
Mathew Philip
Keyword(s):  
Case Control Study ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Sexual Practices ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
Control Study

We conducted a case control study to find the extent to which acute virus B hepatitis was hospital acquired. One hundred and sixty consecutive cases of acute virus B hepatitis were compared with age (±3 years) and sex matched healthy hospital visitors. Exposure to reusable needles, blood or blood products, therapeutic and diagnostic procedures, common razors and sexual practices were elicited by means of a questionnaire. Only exposures in the incubation period (6 weeks to 6 months before the onset of symptoms) were included in the analysis. The odds ratio (OR) for injections for reusable needles was 6.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.8–10.6]. The OR for single injection (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.0–7.3) was less than that for multiple injections (OR = 9.8; 95% CI = 3.8–26.3), showing a dose response relationship. The proportion of cases of acute virus B hepatitis attributable to hospital related exposures was 67%. Proper aseptic techniques and sterilization practices can substantially reduce the incidence of acute hepatitis B in the population.

scholarly journals Establishing a Dose-Response Relationship Between Opioid Use and Hypogonadism: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253
Author(s):  
Yashar Eshraghi ◽  
Natalie Hanks ◽  
Scott Rooney ◽  
Faeqeh Mir Yousefi Ata ◽  
Cruz Velasco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Response Relationship ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Control Study
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