scholarly journals Rabies virus strains circulating in Bhutan: implications for control

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
pp. 1457-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
TENZIN ◽  
S. WACHARAPLUESADEE ◽  
J. DENDUANGBORIPANT ◽  
N. K. DHAND ◽  
R. DORJI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
The World ◽  
Nucleoprotein N ◽  
Virus Strains

SUMMARYWe report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus (RABV) strains circulating in animal populations in Bhutan, and investigate potential origins of these viruses. Twenty-three RABV isolates originating from dogs and other domestic animals were characterized by sequencing the partial nucleoprotein (N) gene (395 bp). Phylogenetic analysis was conducted and the Bhutanese isolates were compared with rabies viruses originating from other parts of the world. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Bhutanese isolates were highly similar and were closely related to Indian strains and South Asian Arctic-like-1 viruses. Our study suggests that the rabies viruses spreading in southern parts of Bhutan have originated from a common ancestor, perhaps from the Indian virus strain.

scholarly journals Sequencing and sequence analysis of partial nucleoprotein (N) gene and phylogenetic analysis of rabies virus field isolates from Gujarat state, India

VirusDisease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-327
Author(s):  
Dhaval H. Vagheshwari ◽  
Bharat B. Bhanderi ◽  
Rafyuddin A. Mathakiya ◽  
Mayurdhvaj K. Jhala
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Gujarat State ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Nucleoprotein N

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis of the Rabies Virus N-coding Region in Lithuanian Rabies Isolates

2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
Dainius Zienius ◽  
Kristina Sajute ◽  
Henrikas Žilinskas ◽  
Arunas Stankevicius
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Virus Isolate ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Nucleoprotein N

Rabies infection among wild and domestic animals constitutes a well-known problem in Lithuania, but only one dog rabies virus isolate sequence (1992) from Lithuania was used in the European rabies virus phylogenetic analysis. The objective of this work was to determine nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences and genetically characterize the rabies virus isolates in order to learn which virus group (biotype) is circulating in reservoir species in Lithuania. Classical rabies virus isolate nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences from different parts of Lithuania were found to be closely related to each other and demonstrated nucleotide identity from 97.7 to 100% and could be placed in one lineage with 100% bootstrap support. All 12 sequences of raccoon dogs, red foxes, dogs and marten rabies viruses exhibited 97.7 - 99.0% identity to previously published sequences from Eastern parts of Poland, Estonia, Finland, and the North-Eastern part of Russia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all Lithuanian strains belong to the North East Europe (NEE) group of rabies virus.

Typing of the rabies virus in Chile, 2002–2008

2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (12) ◽  
pp. 2157-2162 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. YUNG ◽  
M. FAVI ◽  
J. FERNANDEZ
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Tadarida Brasiliensis ◽  
Insectivorous Bats ◽  
Nucleoprotein Gene ◽  
Nucleoprotein N

SUMMARYIn Chile, dog rabies has been controlled and insectivorous bats have been identified as the main rabies reservoir. This study aimed to determine the rabies virus (RABV) variants circulating in the country between 2002 and 2008. A total of 612 RABV isolates were tested using a panel with eight monoclonal antibodies against the viral nucleoprotein (N-mAbs) for antigenic typing, and a product of 320-bp of the nucleoprotein gene was sequenced from 99 isolates. Typing of the isolates revealed six different antigenic variants but phylogenetic analysis identified four clusters associated with four different bat species. Tadarida brasiliensis bats were confirmed as the main reservoir. This methodology identified several independent rabies enzootics maintained by different species of insectivorous bats in Chile.

scholarly journals The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 by an unusual genome reconstitution

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seong-Tshool Hong ◽  
Md. Mehedi Hassan ◽  
Shirina Sharmin ◽  
Jinny Hong ◽  
Hoi-Seon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Virus Strains

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading remarkedly fast around the world since its emergence while the origin of the virus remains ambiguous. Here, we constructed all of the original prototype genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 by selecting the common nucleotide among the different virus strains with species. Phylogenetic analysis on the prototype sequences showed that SARS-CoV-2 was a direct descendant of Bat-CoV and was closely related to Pan-CoV, Bat-SL-CoV, and SARS-CoV. The pairwise comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with Bat-CoV showed an unusual replacement of the motif consisting of 7 amino acids within the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Database searches showed that the motif originated from a surface protein of Plasmodium malariae, suggesting that the SARS-CoV-2 was emerged after acquiring the motif of the malaria surface protein.

scholarly journals Virology and epidemiology analyses of global adenovirus-associated conjunctivitis outbreaks, 1953–2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (8) ◽  
pp. 1661-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. ZHANG ◽  
N. ZHAO ◽  
J. SHA ◽  
C. WANG ◽  
X. JIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis ◽  
The World

SUMMARYThis study aimed to compare the virology and epidemiology of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) and acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) outbreaks worldwide caused by the human adenovirus (HAdV) from 1953 to 2013. Eighty-three hexon sequences from 76 conjunctivitis outbreaks were analysed and subtyped using Mega 5.05, Clustal X and SimPlot software. Epidemiology was performed for the area, age and seasonal distribution. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the isolates could be divided into three subgenetic lineages, without a common ancestor. The major causes of the outbreaks were Ad8, Ad7 and Ad2 co-infection with enterovirus 70 (EV70) in EKC, PCF and AHC, respectively. The epidemiological findings suggested that EKC and AHC were circulating predominantly in Asia during the early winter and spring, whereas PCF was circulating mainly in China, Australia and the United States during the summer. This study suggests that EKC, AHC and PCF outbreaks have different circulating patterns throughout the world and are caused by different adenovirus serotypes. A global surveillance system should be established to monitor conjunctivitis outbreaks in the future.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF EPISOTIC PROCESS AND MOLECULAR-GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUS ISOLATES OF RABIES IN TVER REGION

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
A. M. Gulukin ◽  
A. A. Shabejkin ◽  
V. V. Makarov ◽  
O. N. Zaykova ◽  
T. V. Grebennikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Phylogenetic Group ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Temporal Features ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
Tver Region ◽  
Virus Isolates

Rabies epidemic situation in the Tver Region has been studied. Animals of different species that had confirmed clinical rabies were statistically analyzed. It was established that the features of the course of epizootics in the Tver region correspond to the regularities characteristic of rabies of the natural-focal type. As a result of sequencing of the rabies virus N gene and phylogenetic analysis, the isolates studied were assigned to the central phylogenetic group. With the help of the geoinformatic system, nosological maps of the Tver region were obtained and the spatial- temporal features of the course of the epizootic process of rabies infection were studied.

Evolutionary analysis of rabies virus using the partial Nucleoprotein and Glycoprotein gene in Mumbai region of India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Raghunanth Pharande ◽  
Sharmila Badal Majee ◽  
Satish S. Gaikwad ◽  
S. D. Moregoankar ◽  
AnilKumar Bannalikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Coalescent Analysis ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Indian Isolates ◽  
Highest Posterior Density

Nearly 1.7 million cases of dog bites are reported every year in India and many cases of animal rabies are left unattended and undiagnosed. Therefore, a mere diagnosis of rabies is not sufficient to understand the epidemiology and the spread of the rabies virus (RV) in animals. There is a paucity of information about the evolutionary dynamics of RV in dogs and its biodiversity patterns in India. In total, 50 dog-brain samples suspected of rabies were screened by the nucleoprotein- (N) and glycoprotein- (G) gene PCR. The N and G genes were subsequently sequenced to understand the molecular evolution in these genes. The phylogenetic analysis of the N gene revealed that six isolates in the Mumbai region belonged to a single Arctic lineage. Time-scaled phylogeny by Bayesian coalescent analysis of the partial N gene revealed that the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the sequences belonged to the cluster from 2006.68 with a highest posterior density of 95 % betweeen 2005–2008, which is assigned to Indian lineage I. Migration pattern revealed a strong Bayes factor between Mumbai to Delhi, Panji to Hyderabad, Delhi to Chennai, and Chennai to Chandigarh. Phylogenetic analysis of the G gene revealed that the RVs circulating in the Mumbai region are divided into three lineages. Time-scaled phylogeny by the Bayesian coalescent analysis method estimated that the TMRCA for sequences under study was from 1993 and Indian clusters was from 1962. In conclusion, the phylogenetic analysis of the N gene revealed that six isolates belonged to single Arctic lineages along with other Indian isolates and they were clustered into a single lineage but divided into three clades based on the G-gene sequences. The present study highlights and enhances the current molecular epidemiology and evolution of RV and revealed strong location bias and geographical clustering within Indian isolates on the basis of N and G genes.

scholarly journals Development of Primer Pairs from Molecular Typing of Rabies Virus Variants Present in Mexico

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Bastida-González ◽  
Dolores G. Ramírez-Hernández ◽  
Erika Chavira-Suárez ◽  
Eleazar Lara-Padilla ◽  
Paola Zárate-Segura
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Nucleoprotein N ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Vampire Bat

Nucleoprotein (N) gene from rabies virus (RABV) is a useful sequence target for variant studies. Several specific RABV variants have been characterized in different mammalian hosts such as skunk, dog, and bats by using anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) via indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, a technique not available in many laboratories in Mexico. In the present study, a total of 158 sequences of N gene from RABV were used to design eight pairs of primers (four external and four internal primers), for typing four different RABV variants (dog, skunk, vampire bat, and nonhematophagous bat) which are most common in Mexico. The results indicate that the primer and the typing variant from the brain samples, submitted to nested and/or real-time PCR, are in agreement in all four singleplex reactions, and the designed primer pairs are an alternative for use in specific variant RABV typing.

scholarly journals Evolutionary timescale of rabies virus adaptation to North American bats inferred from the substitution rate of the nucleoprotein gene

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1467-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth J. Hughes ◽  
Lillian A. Orciari ◽  
Charles E. Rupprecht
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Substitution Rates ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Molecular Clock Model ◽  
Virus Adaptation

Throughout North America, rabies virus (RV) is endemic in bats. Distinct RV variants exist that are closely associated with infection of individual host species, such that there is little or no sustained spillover infection away from the primary host. Using Bayesian methodology, nucleotide substitution rates were estimated from alignments of partial nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences of nine distinct bat RV variants from North America. Substitution rates ranged from 2·32×10−4 to 1·38×10−3 substitutions per site per year. A maximum-likelihood (ML) molecular clock model was rejected for only two of the nine datasets. In addition, using sequences from bat RV variants across the Americas, the evolutionary rate for the complete N gene was estimated to be 2·32×10−4. This rate was used to scale trees using Bayesian and ML methods, and the time of the most recent common ancestor for current bat RV variant diversity in the Americas was estimated to be 1660 (range 1267–1782) and 1651 (range 1254–1773), respectively. Our reconstructions suggest that RV variants currently associated with infection of bats from Latin America (Desmodus and Tadarida) share the earliest common ancestor with the progenitor RV. In addition, from the ML tree, times were estimated for the emergence of the three major lineages responsible for bat rabies cases in North America. Adaptation to infection of the colonial bat species analysed (Eptesicus fuscus, Myotis spp.) appears to have occurred much quicker than for the solitary species analysed (Lasionycteris noctivagans, Pipistrellus subflavus, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus), suggesting that the process of virus adaptation may be dependent on host biology.

scholarly journals Identification of novel canine rabies virus clades in the Middle East and North Africa

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan David ◽  
Gareth J. Hughes ◽  
Boris A. Yakobson ◽  
Irit Davidson ◽  
Hikmat Un ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
N Gene ◽  
North African ◽  
Canine Rabies ◽  
The North ◽  
Gene Alignment ◽  
Nucleoprotein N

Four novel phylogenetic clades of canine rabies virus (RABV) variants have been identified in the Middle East and North Africa. The three novel Middle Eastern clades comprise RABV isolates from the borders between Israel and neighbouring countries. The North African clade (Africa 4) comprises four RABV isolates from Egypt and one from Israel. We characterized various RABV lineages antigenically by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the nucleoprotein (N) and phylogenetically by analysis of entire N gene sequences. The estimated mean substitution rate for the N gene alignment (2.7×10−4 substitutions per site per year) is comparable with previous estimates for RABV. The application of a molecular clock indicates the emergence of current canine RABV diversity to have occurred at about the same time (approx. 1870) in the Middle East and Europe, following divergence from established lineages in Africa and Asia.

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