Seasonality of reported tuberculosis cases from 2006 to 2010 in Wuhan, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (10) ◽  
pp. 2036-2048 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LUO ◽  
A. SUMI ◽  
D. ZHOU ◽  
N. KOBAYASHI ◽  
K. MISE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Smear Negative

SUMMARYWe investigated the seasonality of tuberculosis (TB) in Wuhan, China, to evaluate the increased risk of disease transmission during each season and to develop an effective TB control strategy. We applied spectral analysis to the weekly prevalence data of sputum smear positive (SSP) and sputum smear negative (SSN) pulmonary TB reported from 2006 to 2010. Cases of both SSP and SSN feature 1·0- and 0·5-year periodic modes. The least squares method was used to fit curves to the two periodic modes for SSP and SSN data. The curves demonstrated dominant peaks in spring similar to cases reported previously for other locations. Notably for SSP, dominant peaks were also observed in summer. The spring peaks of SSP and SSN were explained in terms of poorly ventilated and humid rooms and vitamin D deficiency. For the summer peaks of SSP, summer influenza epidemics in Wuhan may contribute to the increase in TB prevalence.

scholarly journals Should Sputum Smear Examination Be Carried Out at the End of the Intensive Phase and End of Treatment in Sputum Smear Negative Pulmonary TB Patients?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e49238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit Malhotra ◽  
Sanjay P. Zodpey ◽  
Shivani Chandra ◽  
Ram Pal Vashist ◽  
Srinath Satyanaryana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Intensive Phase ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Smear Negative ◽  
Sputum Smear Examination

scholarly journals Assessment of fomites and infection risk to seniors in recreational curling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Spicer ◽  
BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽  
Helen Heacock
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Enteric Disease ◽  
Health Promotion And Education ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Risk Of Disease

Background: Seniors participate in sports to improve physical, mental, and social health; however, such activities may increase the risk of illness and injury. Curling is popular in this age group because it is physically manageable, strategic, and provides social connection. Certain factors in curling such as handshaking, play during the flu season, and shared contact with curling stones suggest an increased risk of disease transmission. The purpose of this study was to determine the qualitative risk of communicable enteric disease transmission due to shared contact with curling stone handles in a senior men’s curling league. Methods: 3M™ Quick Swabs were used to sample 22 curling stone handles for total coliforms before a senior’s league game. To analyze microbial shedding during gameplay, the same 22 handles were sampled after the game. Samples were plated on 3M™ Petrifilm™ Coliform Count Plates and incubated at 30ºC ± 1ºC for 24 hours ± 2 hours. Colonies were enumerated in units of CFU (colony forming units)/cm2. Ambient and handle surface temperatures were measured, and curler hygiene-related behaviours documented. Results: Total coliform counts for all samples were 0 CFU/cm2. The ambient temperature was 6.6°C pre-game, and 8.0°C post-game. Mean handle surface temperature was 3.6°C. Hygiene behaviours of concern were hand-face contact, handkerchief/tissue use, and handshaking. Conclusion: There is low risk of enteric disease transmission due to shared contact with curling stone handles by male curlers 55 years and older. Absence of coliforms may have been due to adequate player hygiene, transference of microbial load before sampling, error, or environmental conditions. Health promotion and education can reduce the infection risk elevated by poor hand hygiene, face contact, and handshaking in senior’s curling, thereby protecting the health and welfare of all participants.

scholarly journals Implications of declining donor offers with increased risk of disease transmission on waiting list survival in lung transplantation

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan L. Cox ◽  
Michael S. Mulvihill ◽  
Ashley Y. Choi ◽  
Muath Bishawi ◽  
Asishana A Osho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Transplantation ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Waiting List ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Disease

TB-PCR and drug resistance pattern in BALF in smear-negative active pulmonary TB

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1294-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Chavalertsakul ◽  
V. Boonsarngsuk ◽  
S. Saengsri ◽  
P. Santanirand
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Tertiary Referral Hospital ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Drug Resistance Pattern ◽  
Smear Negative ◽  
Tb Pcr

SETTING: A tertiary referral hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) tuberculosis (TB) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the diagnosis of sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB (PTB) and the usefulness of a drug-resistant (DR) TB-PCR assay compared with standard drug susceptibility testing (DST).DESIGN: BALF samples from 918 patients with acid-fast bacilli (AFB) negative sputum smears who underwent bronchoscopy for diagnostic evaluations of pulmonary diseases were prospectively determined for specific genetic elements of TB using the AnyplexTM MTB/NTM Real-Time Detection kit. Positive TB-PCR samples were subsequently evaluated for DR-TB using the Anyplex II MTB/MDR Detection kit.RESULTS: A total of 224 patients were finally diagnosed with PTB. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the TB-PCR assay were respectively 38.8%, 100%, 100%, and 83.5%. The TB-PCR assay was more sensitive than culture (30.4%) and smear (6.7%). Of the 68 TB-positive culture samples, three cases with either isoniazid (INH) or rifampicin (RMP) resistance were detected by DST. The Anyplex II MTB/MDR assay provided similar results.CONCLUSIONS: The BALF TB-PCR assay is a useful tool in the diagnosis of sputum smear-negative PTB. It can also provide INH and RMP susceptibility patterns similar to those of standard DST.

Decline of increased risk donor offers increases waitlist mortality in paediatric heart transplantation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jordan E. Ezekian ◽  
Michael S. Mulvihill ◽  
Brian Ezekian ◽  
Morgan L. Cox ◽  
Sonya Kirmani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Transplantation ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Survival Benefit ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Infectious Disease Transmission ◽  
Competing Risks Analysis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Waitlist Mortality

Abstract Background: Increased risk donors in paediatric heart transplantation have characteristics that may increase the risk of infectious disease transmission despite negative serologic testing. However, the risk of disease transmission is low, and refusing an IRD offer may increase waitlist mortality. We sought to determine the risks of declining an initial IRD organ offer. Methods and results: We performed a retrospective analysis of candidates waitlisted for isolated PHT using 20072017 United Network of Organ Sharing datasets. Match runs identified candidates receiving IRD offers. Competing risks analysis was used to determine mortality risk for those that declined an initial IRD offer with stratified Cox regression to estimate the survival benefit associated with accepting initial IRD offers. Overall, 238/1067 (22.3%) initial IRD offers were accepted. Candidates accepting an IRD offer were younger (7.2 versus 9.8 years, p < 0.001), more often female (50 versus 41%, p = 0.021), more often listed status 1A (75.6 versus 61.9%, p < 0.001), and less likely to require mechanical bridge to PHT (16% versus 23%, p = 0.036). At 1- and 5-year follow-up, cumulative mortality was significantly lower for candidates who accepted compared to those that declined (6% versus 13% 1-year mortality and 15% versus 25% 5-year mortality, p = 0.0033). Decline of an IRD offer was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio for mortality of 1.87 (95% CI 1.24, 2.81, p < 0.003). Conclusions: IRD organ acceptance is associated with a substantial survival benefit. Increasing acceptance of IRD organs may provide a targetable opportunity to decrease waitlist mortality in PHT.

scholarly journals Reduced cellular immune response in social insect lineages

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 20150984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita M. López-Uribe ◽  
Warren B. Sconiers ◽  
Steven D. Frank ◽  
Robert R. Dunn ◽  
David R. Tarpy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Colony Size ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Risk Of Disease ◽  
Cellular Immune

Social living poses challenges for individual fitness because of the increased risk of disease transmission among conspecifics. Despite this challenge, sociality is an evolutionarily successful lifestyle, occurring in the most abundant and diverse group of organisms on earth—the social insects. Two contrasting hypotheses predict the evolutionary consequences of sociality on immune systems. The social group hypothesis posits that sociality leads to stronger individual immune systems because of the higher risk of disease transmission in social species. By contrast, the relaxed selection hypothesis proposes that social species have evolved behavioural immune defences that lower disease risk within the group, resulting in lower immunity at the individual level. We tested these hypotheses by measuring the encapsulation response in 11 eusocial and non-eusocial insect lineages. We built phylogenetic mixed linear models to investigate the effect of behaviour, colony size and body size on cellular immune response. We found a significantly negative effect of colony size on encapsulation response (Markov chain Monte Carlo generalized linear mixed model (mcmcGLMM) p < 0.05; phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that insects living in large societies may rely more on behavioural mechanisms, such as hygienic behaviours, than on immune function to reduce the risk of disease transmission among nest-mates.

scholarly journals High TB burden and low notification rates in the Philippines: The 2016 national TB prevalence survey

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252240
Author(s):  
Mary Ann D. Lansang ◽  
Marissa M. Alejandria ◽  
Irwin Law ◽  
Noel R. Juban ◽  
Maria Lourdes E. Amarillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Culture Positive

Setting The 3rd national tuberculosis (TB) survey in the Philippines in 2007 reported a significant decline in the prevalence of TB. Since then, more significant investments for TB control have been made, yet TB burden estimates from routine surveillance data remain relatively stable. Objective To estimate the prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB in the Philippines amongst individuals aged ≥15 years in 2016. Design In March–December 2016, we conducted a population-based survey with stratified, multi-stage cluster sampling of residents in 106 clusters aged ≥15 years. Survey participants were screened for TB by symptom-based interview and digital chest X-ray. Those with cough ≥2 weeks and/or haemoptysis and/or chest X-ray suggestive of TB were requested to submit 2 sputum specimens for Xpert MTB/RIF, direct sputum smear microscopy using LED fluorescent microscopy, and mycobacterial solid culture (Ogawa method). Bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB was defined as MTB culture positive and/or Xpert positive. Results There were 46,689 individuals interviewed, and 41,444 (88.8%) consented to a chest X-ray. There were 18,597 (39.8%) eligible for sputum examination and 16,242 (87.3%) submitted at least one specimen. Out of 16,058 sputum-eligible participants, 183 (1.1%) were smear-positive. There were 466 bacteriologically confirmed TB cases: 238 (51.1%) Xpert positive, 69 (14.8%) culture positive, and 159 (34.1%) positive by both Xpert and culture. The estimated TB prevalence per 100,000 population aged ≥15 years was 434 (95% CI: 350−518) for smear-positive TB, and 1,159 (95% CI: 1,016−1,301) for bacteriologically confirmed TB. Conclusion This nationally representative survey found that the TB burden in the Philippines in 2016 was higher than estimated from routine TB surveillance data. There was no evidence of a decline in smear and culture positive TB from the 2007 survey despite significant investments in TB control. New strategies for case-finding and patient-centered care must be intensified and expanded.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Clinical Profiling of Dysglycemia and HIV infection in Persons with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Arriaga ◽  
Mariana Araujo-Pereira ◽  
Beatriz Barreto-Duarte ◽  
Caio Sales ◽  
Joao Miguez-Pinto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Positive Sputum Smear ◽  
Negative Sputum ◽  
Alcohol Users

Background: There are scarce data on the prevalence and disease presentation of HIV in patients with tuberculosis (TB) and dysglycemia (diabetes [DM] and prediabetes [PDM]), especially in TB-endemic countries. Methods: We assessed the baseline epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with culture-confirmed pulmonary TB, enrolled in a multicenter prospective cohort in Brazil (RePORT-Brazil) during 2015-2019. Dysglycemia was defined by elevated glycated hemoglobin and stratified as PDM or DM. Additionally, we used data from TB cases obtained through the Brazilian National Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), during 2015-2019. In SINAN, diagnosis of diabetes was based on self-report. Logistic regression models were performed to test independent associations between HIV, dysglycemia status, and other baseline characteristics in both cohorts. Results: In the RePORT-Brazil cohort, the prevalence of DM and of PDM was 23.7% and 37.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of HIV was 21.4% in the group of persons with TB-dysglycemia and 20.5% in that of patients with TBDM. In the SINAN cohort, the prevalence of DM was 9.2%, and among the TBDM group the prevalence of HIV was 4.1%. Logistic regressions demonstrated that aging was independently associated with PDM or DM in both the RePORT-Brazil and SINAN cohorts. In RePORT-Brazil, illicit drug use was associated with PDM, whereas a higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with DM occurrence. Of note, HIV was not associated with an increased risk of PDM or DM in patients with pulmonary TB in both cohorts. Moreover, in both cohorts, the TBDM-HIV group presented with a lower proportion of positive sputum smear and a higher frequency of tobacco and alcohol users. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of dysglycemia in patients with pulmonary TB in Brazil, regardless of the HIV status. This reinforces the idea that DM should be systematically screened in persons with TB. Presence of HIV does not substantially impact clinical presentation in persons with TBDM, although it is associated with more frequent use of recreational drugs and smear negative sputum samples during TB screening.

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