scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella that caused foodborne disease outbreaks: United States, 2003–2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 766-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. BROWN ◽  
J. E. GRASS ◽  
L. C. RICHARDSON ◽  
A. L. NISLER ◽  
A. S. BICKNESE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Group ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Susceptibility Data ◽  
Invasive Infections

SUMMARYAlthough most non-typhoidal Salmonella illnesses are self-limiting, antimicrobial treatment is critical for invasive infections. To describe resistance in Salmonella that caused foodborne outbreaks in the United States, we linked outbreaks submitted to the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System to isolate susceptibility data in the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Resistant outbreaks were defined as those linked to one or more isolates with resistance to at least one antimicrobial drug. Multidrug resistant (MDR) outbreaks had at least one isolate resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes. Twenty-one per cent (37/176) of linked outbreaks were resistant. In outbreaks attributed to a single food group, 73% (16/22) of resistant outbreaks and 46% (31/68) of non-resistant outbreaks were attributed to foods from land animals (P < 0·05). MDR Salmonella with clinically important resistance caused 29% (14/48) of outbreaks from land animals and 8% (3/40) of outbreaks from plant products (P < 0·01). In our study, resistant Salmonella infections were more common in outbreaks attributed to foods from land animals than outbreaks from foods from plants or aquatic animals. Antimicrobial susceptibility data on isolates from foodborne Salmonella outbreaks can help determine which foods are associated with resistant infections.

scholarly journals Need for Annual Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: 2-Year Longitudinal Analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Sahm ◽  
James A. Karlowsky ◽  
Laurie J. Kelly ◽  
Ian A. Critchley ◽  
Mark E. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT Although changing patterns in antimicrobial resistance inStreptococcus pneumoniae have prompted several surveillance initiatives in recent years, the frequency with which these studies are needed has not been addressed. To approach this issue, the extent to which resistance patterns change over a 1-year period was examined. In this study we analyzed S. pneumoniaeantimicrobial susceptibility results produced in our laboratory with isolates obtained over 2 consecutive years (1997–1998 and 1998–1999) from the same 96 institutions distributed throughout the United States. Comparison of results revealed increases in resistant percentages for all antimicrobial agents studied except vancomycin. For four of the agents tested (penicillin, cefuroxime, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin), the increases were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Resistance to the fluoroquinolone remained low in both years (0.1 and 0.6%, respectively); in contrast, resistance to macrolides was consistently greater than 20%, and resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole increased from 13.3 to 27.3%. Multidrug resistance, concurrent resistance to three or more antimicrobials of different chemical classes, also increased significantly between years, from 5.9 to 11%. The most prevalent phenotype was resistance to penicillin, azithromycin (representative macrolide), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Multidrug-resistant phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance were uncommon; however, two phenotypes that included fluoroquinolone resistance not found in 1997–1998 were encountered in 1998–1999. This longitudinal surveillance study of resistance inS. pneumoniae revealed that significant changes do occur in just a single year and supports the need for surveillance at least on an annual basis, if not continuously.

scholarly journals Population-Based Surveillance of Neisseria meningitidis Antimicrobial Resistance in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian H. Harcourt ◽  
Raydel D. Anderson ◽  
Henry M. Wu ◽  
Amanda C. Cohn ◽  
Jessica R. MacNeil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Meningitidis ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Gyra Gene ◽  
Active Population

Abstract Background.  Antimicrobial treatment and chemoprophylaxis of patients and their close contacts is critical to reduce the morbidity and mortality and prevent secondary cases of meningococcal disease. Through the 1990's, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance to commonly used antimicrobials among Neisseria meningitidis was low in the United States. Susceptibility testing was performed to ascertain whether the proportions of isolates with reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials commonly used for N meningitidis have increased since 2004 in the United States. Methods.  Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution on 466 isolates of N meningitidis collected in 2004, 2008, 2010, and 2011 from an active, population-based surveillance system for susceptibility to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, penicillin G, rifampin, and azithromycin. The molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility was investigated for isolates with intermediate or resistant phenotypes. Results.  All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and azithromycin, 10.3% were penicillin G intermediate (range, 8% in 2008–16.7% in 2010), and &lt;1% were ciprofloxacin, rifampin, or penicillin G resistant. Of the penicillin G intermediate or resistant isolates, 63% contained mutations in the penA gene associated with reduced susceptibility to penicillin G. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates contained mutations in the gyrA gene associated with reduced susceptibility. Conclusions.  Resistance of N meningitidis to antimicrobials used for empirical treatment of meningitis in the United States has not been detected, and resistance to penicillin G and chemoprophylaxis agents remains uncommon. Therapeutic agent recommendations remain valid. Although periodic surveillance is warranted to monitor trends in susceptibility, routine clinical testing may be of little use.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Characterization of Salmonella Dublin Isolates in Cattle from the United States.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Srednik ◽  
Kristina Lantz ◽  
Jessica A Hicks ◽  
Brenda R Morningstar-Shaw ◽  
Tonya A Mackie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Salmonella Dublin ◽  
Genomic Characterization

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Dublin is a host-adapted serotype in cattle, associated with enteritis and systemic disease. While rare in humans, it can cause severe illness, including bacteremia, with hospitalization and death. In the United States, S. Dublin has become one of the most multidrug-resistant serotypes . The objective of this study was to characterize S. Dublin isolates from sick cattle by analyzing phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, the presence of plasmids, and phylogenetic relationships. S. Dublin isolates (n=140) were selected from submissions to the NVSL for Salmonella serotyping (2014 – 2017) from 21 states. Isolates were tested for susceptibility against 14 class-representative antimicrobial drugs. Resistance profiles were determined using the ABRicate with Resfinder and NCBI databases, AMRFinder and PointFinder. Plasmids were detected using ABRicate with PlasmidFinder. Phylogeny was determined using vSNP. We found 98% of the isolates were resistant to more than 4 antimicrobials . Only 1 isolate was pan-susceptible and had no predicted AMR genes. All S. Dublin isolates were susceptible to azithromycin and meropenem. They showed 96% resistance to sulfonamides, 97% to tetracyclines, 95% to aminoglycosides and 85% to beta-lactams . The most common AMR genes were: sulf2 and tetA (98.6%), aph(3'')-Ib and aph(6)-Id (96.4%), floR (94.3%), and blaCMY-2 (85.7%). All quinolone resistant isolates presented mutations in gyr A. Ten plasmid types were identified among all isolates with IncA/C2, IncX1, and IncFII(S) being the most frequent. The S. Dublin isolates show low genomic genetic diversity. This study provided antimicrobial susceptibility and genomic insight into S . Dublin clinical isolates from cattle in the U.S. Further sequence analysis integrating food and human origin S . Dublin isolates may provide valuable insight on increased virulence observed in humans.

scholarly journals Trends in Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Intra-Abdominal Infections to Ertapenem and Comparators in the United States According to Data from the SMART Program, 2009 to 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 3606-3610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibylle H. Lob ◽  
Krystyna M. Kazmierczak ◽  
Robert E. Badal ◽  
Meredith A. Hackel ◽  
Samuel K. Bouchillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Smart Data ◽  
Abdominal Infections

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial resistance inEnterobacteriaceae, including resistance to carbapenems, is increasing worldwide. However, using U.S. Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) data for 2009 to 2013, no statistically significant decreasing susceptibility trends were found overall forEscherichia coliisolates from patients with intra-abdominal infections. In the subset of isolates from community-associated infections, susceptibility to levofloxacin decreased significantly and the increasing rate of multidrug-resistantE. coliapproached statistical significance. In 2013, ertapenem, imipenem, and amikacin showed the highest susceptibility rates (≥99%) and fluoroquinolones the lowest (<70%). The 10 non-ertapenem-susceptible isolates (0.3% of allE. coliisolates) encoded one or more carbapenemases, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), AmpC β-lactamases, or non-ESBL β-lactamases.

FOODBORNE DISEASE OUTBREAKS OF CHEMICAL ETIOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES, 1970–1974

1977 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES M. HUGHES ◽  
MARCUS A. HORWITZ ◽  
MICHAEL H. MERSON ◽  
WILLIAM H. BARKER ◽  
EUGENE J. GANGAROSA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foodborne Disease

scholarly journals The epidemiology of raw milk-associated foodborne disease outbreaks reported in the United States, 1973 through 1992.

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 1219-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
M L Headrick ◽  
S Korangy ◽  
N H Bean ◽  
F J Angulo ◽  
S F Altekruse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foodborne Disease

scholarly journals Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Organic Foods in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1953-1958 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. REID HARVEY ◽  
CHRISTINE M. ZAKHOUR ◽  
L. HANNAH GOULD
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Production Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Organic Foods ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Chemical Hazards ◽  
Conventional Foods

ABSTRACT Consumer demand for organically produced foods is increasing in the United States as well as globally. Consumer perception often credits organic foods as being safer than conventionally produced foods, although organic standards do not directly address safety issues such as microbial or chemical hazards. We reviewed outbreaks reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System where the implicated food was reported to be organic. Information collected for each outbreak included the year, state, number of illnesses, pathogen, and implicated food. We identified 18 outbreaks caused by organic foods from 1992 to 2014, resulting in 779 illnesses, 258 hospitalizations, and 3 deaths; 56% of outbreaks occurred from 2010 to 2014. Nine outbreaks occurred in a single state, and nine outbreaks were multistate. Salmonella sp. (44% of outbreaks) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (33%) were the most commonly occurring pathogens. Eight of the outbreaks were attributed to produce items, four to unpasteurized dairy products, two to eggs, two to nut and seed products, and two to multi-ingredient foods. Fifteen (83%) outbreaks were associated with foods that were definitely or likely U.S. Department of Agriculture certified. More foodborne outbreaks associated with organic foods in the United States have been reported in recent years, in parallel with increases in organic food production and consumption. We are unable to assess risk of outbreaks due to organic foods compared with conventional foods because foodborne outbreak surveillance does not systematically collect food production method. Food safety requires focused attention by consumers, regardless of whether foods are produced organically or conventionally. Consumers should be aware of the risk of milk and produce consumed raw, including organic.

Multistate foodborne disease outbreaks associated with raw tomatoes, United States, 1990–2010: a recurring public health problem

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (7) ◽  
pp. 1352-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. BENNETT ◽  
K. W. LITTRELL ◽  
T. A. HILL ◽  
M. MAHOVIC ◽  
C. BARTON BEHRAVESH
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
Trade Associations ◽  
Fresh Cut ◽  
Fresh Tomato ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

SUMMARYWe examined multistate outbreaks attributed to raw tomatoes in the United States from 1990 to 2010. We summarized the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of 15 outbreaks resulting in 1959 illnesses, 384 hospitalizations, and three deaths. Most (80%) outbreaks were reported during 2000–2010; 73% occurred May–September. Outbreaks commonly affected adult (median age 34 years) women (median 58% of outbreak cases). All outbreaks were caused bySalmonella[serotypes Newport (n = 6 outbreaks), Braenderup (n = 2), Baildon, Enteritidis, Javiana, Montevideo, Thompson, Typhimurium (n = 1 each); multiple serotypes (n = 1)]. Red, round (69% of outbreaks), Roma (23%), and grape (8%) tomatoes were implicated. Most (93%) outbreaks were associated with tomatoes served predominantly in restaurants. However, traceback investigations suggested that contamination occurred on farms, at packinghouses, or at fresh-cut processing facilities. Government agencies, academia, trade associations, and the fresh tomato industry should consider further efforts to identify interventions to reduce contamination of tomatoes during production and processing.

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