scholarly journals Serum anti-tetanus and measles antibody titres in Ugandan children aged 4 months to 6 years: implications for vaccine programme

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9) ◽  
pp. 1151-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenesha Warrener ◽  
Josephine Bwogi ◽  
Nick Andrews ◽  
Dhanraj Samuel ◽  
Theopista Kabaliisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Protective Level ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Child Health Clinic ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Tetanus Antibodies

AbstractTo study the antibody response to tetanus toxoid and measles by age following vaccination in children aged 4 months to 6 years in Entebbe, Uganda. Serum samples were obtained from 113 children aged 4–15 months, at the Mother-Child Health Clinic (MCHC), Entebbe Hospital and from 203 of the 206 children aged between 12 and 75 months recruited through the Outpatients Department (OPD). Antibodies to measles were quantified by plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT) and with Siemens IgG EIA. VaccZyme IgG EIA was used to quantify anti-tetanus antibodies. Sera from 96 of 113 (85.0%) children attending the MCHC contained Measles PRNT titres below the protective level (120 mIU/ml). Sera from 24 of 203 (11.8%) children attending the OPD contained PRNT titres <120 mIU/ml. There was no detectable decline in anti-measles antibody concentrations between 1 and 6 years. The anti-tetanus antibody titres in all 113 children attending MCHC and in 189 of 203 (93.1%) children attending the OPD were >0.15 IU/ml by EIA, a level considered protective. The overall concentration of anti-tetanus antibody was sixfold higher in children under 12 months compared with the older children, with geometric mean concentrations of 3.15 IU/ml and 0.49 IU/ml, respectively. For each doubling in age between 4 and 64 months, the anti-tetanus antibody concentration declined by 50%. As time since the administration of the third DTP vaccination doubled, anti-tetanus antibody concentration declined by 39%. The low measles antibody prevalence in the children presenting at the MCHC is consistent with the current measles epidemiology in Uganda, where a significant number of measles cases occur in children under 1 year of age and earlier vaccination may be indicated. The consistent fall in anti-tetanus antibody titre over time following vaccination supports the need for further vaccine boosters at age 4–5 years as recommended by the WHO.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the protective level of antibodies to tetanus toxin in adults in Poland

2018 ◽  
pp. 167-174
Author(s):  
Karolina Śmietańska ◽  
Anna Chróst ◽  
Natalia Rokosz-Chudziak ◽  
Urszula Roguska ◽  
Waldemar Rastawicki
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Tetanus Toxin ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Protective Level ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Enzymelinked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
And Gender ◽  
High Level ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Tetanus Antibodies

Introduction: The aim of the research was to assess the protective level of antibodies for tetanus toxin in adults in Poland. The obtained research results provide information on how the protective level of anti-tetanus antibodies is formed after the administration of basic doses and booster doses in people of different ages and gender. Material and Methods: A total of 493 serum samples collected from 321 adult individuals, 86 blood donors and 86 pregnant women with ages ranging from 20 to 40 years were investigated. Antibody concentrations were measured with an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (Tetanus IgG ELISA, IBL International, Germany). Results: The results showed that among 493 individuals examined, only four were not detected with an IBL ELISA antibody for tetanus toxin. The most, as many as 258 people had antibodies at the level of 0.1-1.0 IU / ml, in 220 people these antibodies were detected at 1.0-5.0 IU / ml and only in 11 people at the level above 5.0 IU / ml. What is very important, the percentage of results with a high level of antibodies to the tetanus toxin (>1.0 IU/ml) decreased with the age of the examined patients. Analysis of the results showed that statistically significantly higher levels of antibodies (>1.0 IU/ml) were detected more frequently in men than in women. The percentage of highly positive results (over 1.0 IU/ml) was significantly higher in pregnant women (73.3%) than in the group of all 169 other women examined (24.3%) and higher than in the group of 50 women (40.0%) and 61 men (57.4%) at a similar age of 19-39 years as pregnant women. Conclusions: The results we obtained testify generally to a relatively good level of immunization against tetanus in the adult population in Poland up to 50 years of age. A high percentage of older people, especially after the age of 60, with a low level of vaccine anti-tetanus antibodies indicate the desirability of administering doses of the anti-tetanus vaccine in people in this age group.

scholarly journals Protection by a polyvalent influenza vaccine and persistence of homologous and heterologous HI antibodies during a period of two epidemic seasons

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pyhälä
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYA split-product influenza A vaccine which contained an influenza B strain (B/Hong Kong/8/73) and two influenza A strains, antigenically identical with A/Fort Dix/741/76 (HswlNl) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), was offered to personnel of the CPHL. Changes in the antibody status were followed with serum samples collected from 153 participants on the day of vaccination and 1, 13 and 18 months thereafter. During the two epidemic seasons in the trial period there were only four serological influenza A infections (2·6%) among the vaccinees. This is one eighth of the corresponding infection rate (22%) in the general population estimated on the basis of other indices.The vaccinees' antibody response was strongly influenced by the age of the individual subjects. During the trial period the decrease in the antibody titres slowed down. The geometric mean titres of homologous HI antibodies were still substantially higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. This also applied to heterologous antibodies against H1N1 viruses in persons born between 1926 and 1952. In participants born after 1952, the vaccine was not able to evoke these antibodies, and in participants born in or before 1925 the boosting effect was poor.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity and waning immunity from the oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol™) in adults residing in Lukanga Swamps of Zambia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262239
Author(s):  
Harriet Ng′ombe ◽  
Michelo Simuyandi ◽  
John Mwaba ◽  
Charlie Chaluma Luchen ◽  
Peter Alabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Box Plots ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Oral Cholera Vaccine ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Duration Of Protection

Introduction In cholera endemic areas, the periodicity of cholera outbreaks remains unpredictable, making it difficult to organize preventive efforts. Lack of data on duration of protection conferred by oral cholera vaccines further makes it difficult to determine when to deploy preemptive vaccination. We report on the immunogenicity and waning of immunity to Shanchol™ in Lukanga Swamps. Methods We enrolled a cohort of 223 participants aged between 18 and 65 years old from whom serum samples were collected at baseline, day 28 before administration of the second dose, and consecutively at 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months. Vibriocidal antibody titres were measured and expressed as geometric mean titres. Box plots and 95% CI were computed at each visit for both Inaba and Ogawa. Seroconversion was defined as a four fold or greater increase in antibody titres compared to baseline titres. Results Overall, seroconversion against V. cholerae Inaba and Ogawa after 1st dose was 35/134 (26%) and 34/134 (25%) respectively. We observed a statistical difference in seroconversion between the two subgroups of baseline titres (low <80 and high ≥80) for both Inaba (p = 0.02) and Ogawa (p<0.0001). From a baseline of 13.58, anti-Ogawa GMT increased to 21.95 after the first dose, but rapidly waned to 14.52, 13.13, and 12.78 at months 6, 12 and 24 respectively, and then increased to 13.21, 18.67 and 23.65 at months 30, 36 and 48 respectively. A similar trend was observed for anti-Inaba GMT across the same time points. Conclusion We found that Shanchol™ was immunogenic in our study population and that vibriocidal antibodies may not be a good marker for long-term immunity. The observed rise in titres after 36 months suggests natural exposure, and this may be a critical time window opening for natural transmission in an endemic areas. We recommend re-vaccination at this time point in high risk areas.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of antibodies to poliovirus in individuals living in Portugal, 2002

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 7-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Pires de Miranda ◽  
M Carmo Gomes ◽  
H Rebelo de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
Type 3

The last case of poliomyelitis in Portugal caused by indigenous wild poliovirus occurred in 1986 and the country was declared polio-free in 2002. High levels of immunity must be maintained to prevent the importation of wild poliovirus. In this study, we determined the immunity against poliomyelitis of the Portuguese population in order to identify possible immunity gaps. A representative sample of 1,133 individuals older than two years residing in mainland Portugal was studied. Logistical difficulties regarding quick sample transportation precluded the Portuguese islands (Madeira and the Azores) from this study. Sera were collected in 2002 from individuals attending health clinics throughout the 18 districts of Portugal. Levels of neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 were determined and a titre of >= 1:8 was defined as indicative of protected immunity. Results were expressed in international units. The antibody prevalence and the geometric mean antibody concentration (GMAC) was 91.6% (GMAC: 2.96 IU/ml), 94.2% (GMAC: 5.03 IU/ml) and 75% (GMAC: 0.53 IU/ml) for poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. For poliovirus types 1 and 2, antibody prevalence was close to or above 90% in the majority of age groups. For poliovirus type 3, antibody prevalence was below 80% in teenagers and young adults. Our study shows that the Portuguese are well protected against poliovirus types 1 and 2. For poliovirus type 3, the suboptimal antibody levels observed in teenagers and young adults suggest the need for a booster dose to minimise the risk of wild poliovirus importation.

scholarly journals Naturally Acquired Passive Protective Activity against Neisseria meningitidis Group C in the Absence of Serum Bactericidal Activity

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (10) ◽  
pp. 5903-5909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo Anne Welsch ◽  
Dan Granoff
Keyword(s):  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Protective Activity ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Antibody Avidity ◽  
Serum Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Infant Rat

ABSTRACT The hallmark of immunity to meningococcal disease is a bactericidal titer in serum of ≥1:4 measured with human complement, but this threshold titer may underestimate the extent of protection. We used the infant rat model of meningococcal bacteremia to measure group C passive protective activity in serum samples from 91 unimmunized adults living in California. A total of 35 sera (38.5%) had passive protective activity. Sera with complement-mediated bactericidal titers of ≥1:4 were 3.4-fold more likely to confer protection (89%) than nonbactericidal sera (26%; P < 0.0001). Thus, bactericidal titers of ≥1:4 are a marker of protection, but this threshold lacks sensitivity for predicting protective activity. We investigated the 73 sera with bactericidal titers of <1:4 to determine the basis of protective activity. The 19 sera with protective activity had a higher geometric mean group C anticapsular antibody concentration (0.72 μg/ml) than the 54 sera that lacked protective activity (0.16 μg/ml; P < 0.001). Thus, protective activity in the absence of bactericidal activity was associated with higher concentrations of anticapsular antibodies, but not all sera with anticapsular antibodies conferred protection. Of 18 nonbactericidal sera with anticapsular antibody concentrations between 0.31 and 0.99 μg/ml, the 11 sera that conferred protection had a higher mean antibody avidity constant (21.9 nM−1) than the 7 nonprotective sera (14.6 nM−1; P < 0.03). Thus, in sera with titers of <1:4, protective activity is associated with higher-avidity group C anticapsular antibodies, which are present in concentrations insufficient to elicit complement-mediated bacteriolysis in vitro but sufficient to confer protection in an in vivo bacteremia model.

Child Health Clinic Evaluation

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen Kells ◽  
Daphne Goodman-Eifler
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Child Health Clinic

scholarly journals Vaccination strategy and anti - SARS-CoV-2 S titers in healthcare workers of the INT – IRCCS “Fondazione Pascale” Cancer Center (Naples, Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesta Cavalcanti ◽  
Maria Antonietta Isgrò ◽  
Domenica Rea ◽  
Lucia Di Capua ◽  
Giusy Trillò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have spread to millions of people globally, requiring the development of billions of different vaccine doses. The SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccine (named BNT162b2/Pfizer), authorized by the FDA, has shown high efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection after administration of two doses in individuals 16 years of age and older. In the present study, we retrospectively evaluated the differences in the SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response after vaccine administration in the two different cohorts of workers at the INT - IRCCS “Fondazione Pascale” Cancer Center (Naples, Italy): previously infected to SARS-CoV-2 subjects and not infected to SARS-CoV-2 subjects. Methods We determined specific anti-RBD (receptor-binding domain) titers against trimeric spike glycoprotein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 by Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay in serum samples of 35 healthcare workers with a previous documented history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 158 healthcare workers without, after 1 and 2 doses of vaccine, respectively. Moreover, geometric mean titers and relative fold changes (FC) were calculated. Results Both previously infected and not infected to SARS-CoV-2 subjects developed significant immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 after the administration of 1 and 2 doses of vaccine, respectively. Anti-S antibody responses to the first dose of vaccine were significantly higher in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects in comparison to titers of not infected subjects after the first as well as the second dose of vaccine. Fold changes for subjects previously infected to SARS-CoV-2 was very modest, given the high basal antibody titer, as well as the upper limit of 2500.0 BAU/mL imposed by the Roche methods. Conversely, for naïve subjects, mean fold change following the first dose was low ($$ \overline{x} $$ x ¯ =1.6), reaching 3.8 FC in 72 subjects (45.6%) following the second dose. Conclusions The results showed that, as early as the first dose, SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals developed a remarkable and statistically significant immune response in comparison to those who did not contract the virus previously, suggesting the possibility of administering only one dose in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects. FC for previously infected subjects should not be taken into account for the generally high pre-vaccination values. Conversely, FC for not infected subjects, after the second dose, were = 3.8 in > 45.0% of vaccinees, and ≤ 3.1 in 19.0%, the latter showing a potential susceptibility to further SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Working with refugees: Health education and communication issues in a child health clinic

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhiannon England ◽  
Kathy Doughty ◽  
Sevtap Genc ◽  
Zeynep Putkeli
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Child Health Clinic

scholarly journals Use of the child health clinic

1982 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-240
Author(s):  
W Hendrickse ◽  
A Nicoll ◽  
L Polnay ◽  
D Roberton ◽  
S A Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Child Health Clinic

RESPONSES OF CHILDREN IMMUNIZED WITH THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, TYPE b

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-644
Author(s):  
David H. Smith ◽  
Georges Peter ◽  
David L. Ingram ◽  
A. Lynn Harding ◽  
Porter Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Antigen Binding ◽  
Type B ◽  
Intramuscular Dose ◽  
Hemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Hemophilus Influenzae Type B

One hundred forty-one children of 5 to 59 months of age were immunized with a single intramuscular dose of 0.67, 3.3, 17, or 67µg polyribophosphate (PRP), the capsular antigen of Hemophilus influenzae, type b. The immunizations were well tolerated, particularly at doses of .67 to 17µg. Antibody activity was measured by radioactive antigen binding, using 3H-labelled PRP. Doses of 3.3 and 17µg produced significant antibody rises in nearly 90% of recipients; 0.67 and 67µg in approximately half. The geometric mean titers were similar at three and six weeks after immunization and were greater with the middle doses. The net antibody increase in responding children was strongly age dependent, but was not related to the preimmunization antibody concentration. Rises in serum bactericidal activity against H. influenzae type b generally accompanied rises in antibody concentration as measured by the antigen-binding assay.

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