scholarly journals Seroprevalence of antibodies to poliovirus in individuals living in Portugal, 2002

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 7-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Pires de Miranda ◽  
M Carmo Gomes ◽  
H Rebelo de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Antibody Concentration ◽  
Antibody Prevalence ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
Type 3

The last case of poliomyelitis in Portugal caused by indigenous wild poliovirus occurred in 1986 and the country was declared polio-free in 2002. High levels of immunity must be maintained to prevent the importation of wild poliovirus. In this study, we determined the immunity against poliomyelitis of the Portuguese population in order to identify possible immunity gaps. A representative sample of 1,133 individuals older than two years residing in mainland Portugal was studied. Logistical difficulties regarding quick sample transportation precluded the Portuguese islands (Madeira and the Azores) from this study. Sera were collected in 2002 from individuals attending health clinics throughout the 18 districts of Portugal. Levels of neutralizing antibodies against poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 were determined and a titre of >= 1:8 was defined as indicative of protected immunity. Results were expressed in international units. The antibody prevalence and the geometric mean antibody concentration (GMAC) was 91.6% (GMAC: 2.96 IU/ml), 94.2% (GMAC: 5.03 IU/ml) and 75% (GMAC: 0.53 IU/ml) for poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. For poliovirus types 1 and 2, antibody prevalence was close to or above 90% in the majority of age groups. For poliovirus type 3, antibody prevalence was below 80% in teenagers and young adults. Our study shows that the Portuguese are well protected against poliovirus types 1 and 2. For poliovirus type 3, the suboptimal antibody levels observed in teenagers and young adults suggest the need for a booster dose to minimise the risk of wild poliovirus importation.

scholarly journals Human enterovirus infection in stray dogs. Some aspects of interest to public health

1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliseu Alves Waldman ◽  
Regina C. Moreira ◽  
Sueli G. Saez ◽  
Denise F.C. Souza ◽  
Rita de C.C. Carmona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Stray Dogs ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Global Eradication ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Echovirus Type

To investigate the possible role of domestic animals as reservoirs of human enteroviruses, we studied 212 stray dogs captured in different areas of the municipality of São Paulo. The captured animals were divided into 19 groups of 10 to 20 dogs each; faeces of 126 of the 212 dogs were processed for enterovirus isolation. The following viruses were isolated from 12 dogs: poliovirus type 1 (2 dogs), poliovirus type 3 (1 dog), echovirus type 7 (8 dogs) and echovirus type 15 (1 dog). Of the 12 infected animals, four had specific homotypic neutralizing antibody titres > 16. All 212 animals were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to human enteroviruses. The frequency of neutralizing antibodies present in titres of > 16 was 10.3%, 3,8% and 4.3% for vaccinal prototypes of polioviruses 1, 2 and 3 respectively; 1,9%, 1.4% and 1.5% for wild prototypes of the same viruses, 11.3% for echovirus 7, and 2.4% for echovirus 15. The proportion of dogs with neutralizing antibodies varied with the virus studied. Some indication of the susceptibility of dogs to infection with human enteroviruses was demonstrated, and the importance of this fact for the Plan for Global Eradication of the Wild Poliovirus is discussed.

scholarly journals Case of Poliomyelitis Caused by Significantly Diverged Derivative of the Poliovirus Type 3 Vaccine Sabin Strain Circulating in the Orphanage

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 970
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Korotkova ◽  
Maria A. Prostova ◽  
Anatoly P. Gmyl ◽  
Liubov I. Kozlovskaya ◽  
Tatiana P. Eremeeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Complete Rejection ◽  
Type 3

Significantly divergent polioviruses (VDPV) derived from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains, like wild polioviruses, are capable of prolonged transmission and neuropathology. This is mainly shown for VDPV type 2. Here we describe a molecular-epidemiological investigation of a case of VDPV type 3 circulation leading to paralytic poliomyelitis in a child in an orphanage, where OPV has not been used. Samples of feces and blood serum from the patient and 52 contacts from the same orphanage were collected twice and investigated. The complete genome sequencing was performed for five polioviruses isolated from the patient and three contact children. The level of divergence of the genomes of the isolates corresponded to approximately 9–10 months of evolution. The presence of 61 common substitutions in all isolates indicated a common intermediate progenitor. The possibility of VDPV3 transmission from the excretor to susceptible recipients (unvaccinated against polio or vaccinated with inactivated poliovirus vaccine, IPV) with subsequent circulation in a closed children’s group was demonstrated. The study of the blood sera of orphanage residents at least twice vaccinated with IPV revealed the absence of neutralizing antibodies against at least two poliovirus serotypes in almost 20% of children. Therefore, a complete rejection of OPV vaccination can lead to a critical decrease in collective immunity level. The development of new poliovirus vaccines that create mucosal immunity for the adequate replacement of OPV from Sabin strains is necessary.

scholarly journals Incidence of Infection of Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackieviruses A6 and A16 among Household Contacts of Index Cases in Dong Thap Province, Southern Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
C. Q. Hoang ◽  
H. D. Nguyen ◽  
N. X. Ho ◽  
T. H. T. Vu ◽  
T. T. M. Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Index Cases

Background. Scarce information exists about immunity to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) among household contacts of index cases in Vietnam and what that means for reducing ongoing HFMD transmission in the community. Methods. We analyzed neutralizing antibodies (NT) and the incidence of enterovirus (EVs) infection among household contacts of index cases in a province where HFMD remains endemic. Throat swab and 2 mL blood samples from household contacts were collected at enrollment, during and after 2 weeks follow-up. Results. The incidence of EV-A71 infection among household contacts was 40/84 (47.6%, 95% Cl: 36.9-58.3%), compared with 106/336 (31.5%, 95% Cl: 26.6-36.5%) for CV-A6 and 36/107 (33.6%, 95% Cl: 24.7-42.6%) for CV-A16. The incidence of CV-A6 infection was fairly constant across ages; in contrast, CV-A71 and CV-A16 had some variation across ages. At baseline, higher geometric mean titer (GMT) of EV-A71, CV-A6, and CV-A16 antibody titers was found for 25-34-year groups (range 216.3 to 305.0) compared to the other age groups. There was a statistically significant difference in GMT values of CV-A6 and CV-A16 between those who had an infection or did not have infection among households with an index case of these serotypes. Conclusions. Our results indicated that adults were becoming infected with HFMD and could be contributing to the transmission. There is, therefore, a need for considering the household setting as an additional target for intervention programs for HFMD.

scholarly journals Survival patterns in teenagers and young adults with cancer in the United Kingdom: Comparisons with younger and older age groups

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (17) ◽  
pp. 2643-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Stark ◽  
David Bowen ◽  
Elaine Dunwoodie ◽  
Richard Feltbower ◽  
Rod Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
Survival Patterns

Eradication of wild poliovirus type 3 may be within reach, say CDC and WHO

BMJ ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 349 (nov14 2) ◽  
pp. g6817-g6817 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Type 3

scholarly journals Environmental Surveillance System To Track Wild Poliovirus Transmission

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 2919-2927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagadish M. Deshpande ◽  
Sushmitha J. Shetty ◽  
Zaeem A. Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Supplementary Immunization Activities ◽  
Type 3

ABSTRACT Eradication of poliomyelitis from large metropolis cities in India has been difficult due to high population density and the presence of large urban slums. Three paralytic poliomyelitis cases were reported in Mumbai, India, in 1999 and 2000 in spite of high immunization coverage and good-quality supplementary immunization activities. We therefore established a systematic environmental surveillance study by weekly screening of sewage samples from three high-risk slum areas to detect the silent transmission of wild poliovirus. In 2001, from among the 137 sewage samples tested, wild poliovirus type 1 was isolated from 35 and wild poliovirus type 3 was isolated from 1. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicated one case of paralytic poliomyelitis from the city. Phylogenetic analysis with complete VP1 sequences revealed that the isolates from environmental samples belonged to four lineages of wild polioviruses recently isolated from poliomyelitis cases in Uttar Pradesh and not to those previously isolated from AFP cases in Mumbai. Wild poliovirus thus introduced caused one case of paralytic poliomyelitis. The virus was detected in environmental samples 3 months before. It was found that wild polioviruses introduced several times during the year circulated in Mumbai for a limited period before being eliminated. Environmental surveillance was found to be sensitive for the detection of wild poliovirus silent transmission. Nucleotide sequence analysis helped identify wild poliovirus reservoir areas.

scholarly journals Poliovirus immunity among adults in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a cross-sectional serosurvey

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian H. Alfonso ◽  
Arie Voorman ◽  
Nicole A. Hoff ◽  
William C. Weldon ◽  
Sue Gerber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Eradicate Polio

Abstract Background Vaccination efforts to eradicate polio currently focus on children under 5 years of age, among whom most cases of poliomyelitis still occur. However, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), an outbreak of wild poliovirus type 1 occurred in 2010–2011 in which 16% of cases occurred among adults; in a related outbreak in the neighboring Republic of Congo, 75% of cases occurred among the same adult age-group. Given that infected adults may transmit poliovirus, this study was designed to assess adult immunity against polioviruses. Methods We assessed poliovirus seroprevalence using dried blood spots from 5,526 adults aged 15–59 years from the 2013–2014 Demographic and Health Survey in the DRC. Results Among adults in the DRC, 74%, 72%, and 57% were seropositive for neutralizing antibodies for poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For all three serotypes, seroprevalence tended to be higher among older age groups, those living in households with more children, and among women. Conclusions Protection against poliovirus is generally low among adults in the DRC, particularly for type 3 poliovirus. The lack of acquired immunity in adults suggests a potentially limited poliovirus circulation over the lifetime of those surveyed (spanning 1954 through 2014) and transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus in this age group while underscoring the risk of these outbreaks among adults in the DRC.

Participation of teenagers and young adults (TYA) in cancer clinical trials (CCT): What can we learn from six years of accrual data in England?

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6115-6115
Author(s):  
Lorna Anne Fern ◽  
Jennifer Ann Lewandowski ◽  
Katy Marie Coxon ◽  
Elliann Fairbairn ◽  
Eileen Loucaides ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Cancer Research Network ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
Research Initiatives ◽  
Further Development

6115 Background: We reported underrepresentation of TYA in CTT in England, 2005-06. Since 2005 national healthcare policies and research initiatives aimed at increasing participation of TYA in CCT have been implemented. We aimed to determine if this has improved accrual rates (AR). Methods: We analyzed accrual by age during 2005-2010 to UK Cancer Research Network interventional trials recruiting newly diagnosed patients (pts) with leukaemia, lymphoma, bone/soft tissue sarcoma, central nervous system and germ cell tumours. AR were expressed as the ratio of pts entered onto trial compared to population incidence cases for 2005-08; for 2009-10, mean incidence of 2005-08 was used. Results: 2005-10 showed an AR increase of 10.3% for pts 10-14 yrs, 17.9% for pts 15-19 yrs but only 4.6% for pts 20-24 yrs (Table). In 2010 AR was 54.4% for pts 10-14 yrs, 43.3% for 15-19 yr olds and 20.6% for pts 20-24. Annual increases of AR were observed for pts 15-19 yrs, but in no other age groups, 0-59 yrs. We looked at AR for children and younger teenagers , 5-14 yrs, vs older TYA, 15-24 yrs. Overall, AR for 5-14 yr olds was greater, 53.7% vs 23.0% for pts 15-24 yrs; however, during 2005-10 AR increased by 9.7% for pts aged 15-24 compared to 7.8% for pts aged 5-14. Conclusions: AR for TYA has improved in between 2005-10. Most benefit is evident for older teenagers; AR for young adults remain disappointing. Changes relate to increased trial availability and access, centralisation of care for TYA, amendments to age eligibility criteria to reflect tumour biology and increased collaboration between adult and paediatric clinical research groups. Strategies to improve AR for young adults require further development. [Table: see text]

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiological study of reovirus infection amongst the normal population of the Chandigarh area—northern India

1968 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Pal ◽  
S. C. Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Indian Council ◽  
Reovirus Infection ◽  
Reovirus Type ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post Graduate Institute ◽  
Type 3

Two hundred and sixty-four samples of sera obtained from normal healthy persons belonging to different age groups were examined for haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against reovirus types 1–3 to assess the prevalence of reovirus infection in the northern part of India.Reovirus infection appeared as early as 6 months to 1 year of age. With reovirus types 1 and 2, the maximum incidence of 67 and 48% respectively occurred by the age of 10–20 years, whereas with type 3 infection the maximum incidence (73%) was reached by the age of 25 years. The incidence of reovirus type 2 infection in all the age groups was remarkably low in this series. A drop in the incidence of reovirus type 2 infection was also noticed after the age of 20 years.The difference in geometric mean titre of antibody in different ages against reovirus type 2 was highly significant, suggesting probably that most of the infection occurred by the age of twenty years. The difference in the geometric mean value of the titres of antibody against types 1 and 3 was not significant in different age groups. The levels of antibody against types 1 and 3 in all the age groups were almost the same, suggesting that infection, specially with reovirus type 3, was occurring in all the age groups even beyond 20 years of age.The authors wish to express their sincerest thanks to Dr Leon Rosen, Pacific Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Honolulu, Hawaii, for the supply of prototype strains of reoviruses, to Drs B. K. Aikat, Director Professor of Pathology, R. N. Chakravarti, Department of Experimental Medicine, O. N. Bhakoo, and Sucheta Thukral, Department of Paediatrics, Post- Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chadigarh, for their invaluable help and co-operation, to Prof. P. V. K. Iyer, Department of Mathematics, Panjab University, and to Mr H. D. Gupta, Biostatistician, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chadigarh for their statistical analysis of the results.The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful criticism and suggestion of Dr C G. Pandit, Ex-Director, Indian Council of Medical Research, during the preparation of the paper.The authors acknowledge also the technical assistance of Mr Jagmohan Lai Pipat, Mr Gurmeet Singh Khatra, and Mr Amar Singh Saini.This work was partly supported by the Research Grant of the Indian Council of Medical Research sanctioned to one of the authors (S. R. P.).

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