scholarly journals Sex and age differences inMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (12) ◽  
pp. 1503-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Fernandes ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
M. Gaeddert ◽  
T. Tsacogianis ◽  
P. Marques-Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Exposure Data ◽  
Multivariable Modelling ◽  
Sex And Age Differences

AbstractGlobally, the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease is higher in males. This study examined the effect of sex and age onMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) infection. Demographic and exposure data were collected on household contacts of sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB patients in Brazil. Contacts with tuberculin skin test induration ⩾10 mm at baseline or 12 weeks were considered Mtb infected. The study enrolled 917 household contacts from 160 households; 508 (55.4%) were female, median age was 21.0 years (range 0.30–87.0) and 609 (66.4%) had Mtb infection. The proportion infected increased with age from 63.3% in girls <5 years to 75.4% in women ⩾40 years and from 44.9% in boys <5 years to 73.6% in men ⩾40 years. Multivariable modelling showed the odds of infection increased between age 5 and 14 years among female contacts (OR 1.5 per 5-year age increase; 95% CI 1.1–2.2;P= 0.02) and between ages 0–4 and 15–39 years among male contacts (OR 2.7, 95% CI 0.83–8.9 and 1.1, 95% CI 0.99–1.3 per 5-year age increase;P= 0.10, 0.07, respectively). The study suggests that the age at which Mtb infection increases most is different in females compared with males. Studies are needed to explore whether these findings are due to differences in host susceptibility, exposure outside the household or other factors.

scholarly journals Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Microscopic Technique of Sputum AFB and ICT (Cocktail Antigen) TB

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Martini Widhyasih ◽  
Annisa Husnun Hanifah ◽  
Chairlan Chairlan ◽  
Dewi Inderiati
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
False Negative ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Analytic Design

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The diagnosis of pulmonary TB in general still relies on microscopic examination with a sputum smear for Acid Fast Basil (AFB). Microscopic examination to detect M. tuberculosis has high specificity, but the sensitivity is 35-70%. The sputum culture method is the gold standard for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB but requires a long time, which is 6-8 weeks. In recent years ICT (Immuno Chromatography Test) has been introduced to identify potential and useful TB antigens to help diagnose pulmonary TB. Antigens detected were ESAT-6, CFP-10, CFP-21, and MPT-64. This study aims to compare the results of the examination of specimens of suspect TB sputum with the ICT method and AFB. This study based on observational with analytic design cross-sectional on 56 samples of Stored Biological Material suspects TB that were examined by the AFB method and the ICT method (Cocktail Antigen). Statistical test results Fisher Exact (α = 0.05) showed no difference between microscopic examination of smear sputum and ICT (Cocktail Antigen) TB (p = 1,000). Nevertheless, the use of ICT reagents for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB still needs to be further investigated, especially to find out the exact causes of false positive and false negative reactions.

scholarly journals Viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum after pulmonary tuberculosis cure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiqa Ambreen ◽  
Muhammad Jamil ◽  
Muhammad Aqeelur Rahman ◽  
Tehmina Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Continuation Phase ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Direct Smear ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Performing Culture

Abstract Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with detectable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum is a major source of transmission. In resource limited TB endemic settings, cure is declared by sputum smear examination for acid fast bacilli without performing culture. This may lead to erroneous treatment outcomes as viable bacteria may be missed by low sensitivity of direct smear method of acid fast staining. The aim of this study was to investigate if sterilizing cure is achieved among the new pulmonary TB cases declared cured by sputum smear conversion and the impact of addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase in achieving sterilizing cure. Methods New sputum smear positive pulmonary TB patients registered at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan were followed under standard Directly Observed Treatment Short Course strategy for six months. Half of these patients received ethambutol in addition to isoniazid and rifampicin in continuation phase. Sputum specimens were examined on microscopy at 2 months and end of treatment. Sputa of patients with negative direct smear examination at the end of treatment were cultured on solid medium. Results Total of 533 newly diagnosed sputum smear positive pulmonary TB patients were registered from November 2013 to March 2014. Among these 504 converted sputum negative at 2 months and 348 converted at the end of six months of treatment and declared cured. Sputa of 204/348 patients were cultured, and 12/204 (6%) were culture positive. Culture positivity at 6 month was not associated with bacterial load, smoking, diabetes, presence of cavities, history of contact with TB, age, gender, socioeconomic status, or addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase of treatment. Conclusion Six month treatment does not provide sterilizing cure in all pulmonary TB leading to risk for relapse. Direct smear examination is not enough to declare cure in TB patients. Addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase did not result in better sterilizing cure. These findings emphasize the importance of performing culture and follow-up of patients to monitor relapse in routine TB care. More studies are needed to find the optimal duration of treatment for individual or carefully selected groups of patients.

scholarly journals Tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON-Gold In Tube assay for diagnosis of latent TB infection among household contacts of pulmonary TB patients in high TB burden setting

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. e0199360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padmapriyadarsini Chandrasekaran ◽  
Vidya Mave ◽  
Kannan Thiruvengadam ◽  
Nikhil Gupte ◽  
Shri Vijay Bala Yogendra Shivakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Latent Tb Infection

scholarly journals Discordance of Tuberculin Skin Test and Interferon Gamma Release Assay in Recently Exposed Household Contacts of Pulmonary TB Cases in Brazil

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. e96564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Ribeiro-Rodrigues ◽  
Soyeon Kim ◽  
Flávia Dias Coelho da Silva ◽  
Aleksandra Uzelac ◽  
Lauren Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Interferon Gamma ◽  
Interferon Gamma Release Assay ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Release Assay

scholarly journals Deteksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis pada Sampel Sputum menggunakan Teknik Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP-TB)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rama L. Sumual ◽  
Greta J.P. Wahongan ◽  
Josef S.B. Tuda
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Isothermal Amplification ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Sputum Smear Microscopy ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Abstract: Pulmonary TB is still a threat included in top 10 causes of death in the world. Limitation in diagnostic methods is one of the obstacles in improving the detection of pulmonary TB cases. WHO recommend Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (TB-LAMP) with sensitivity, specificity, high efficiency, fast, and simple in terms of molecular method to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study was aimed to find out whether LAMP-TB could detect M. tuberculosis in the sputum samples. This was a descriptive observational/survey study using a diagnostic test with a cross-sectional design. Samples were patients suspected as pulmonary TB with negative result in sputum smear microscopy at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado during September until October 2017. The results obtained 25 samples of patients suspected pulmonary TB with negative result in sputum smear microscopy. Most of them were at the age of 52-64 years, male (18 people; 72%), and had purulent sputum (14 samples; 56%). Examination by using LAMP-TB obtained 4 samples (16%) stated as positive M. tuberculosis and 21 samples (84%) stated as negative M. tuberculosis. Conclusion: TB-LAMP could detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum samples.Keywords: pulmonary TB, M.tuberculosis, TB-LAMP Abstrak: TB Paru saat ini masih menjadi ancaman dan termasuk 10 besar penyebab kematian teratas di dunia. Keterbatasan metode diagnostik merupakan salah satu hambatan dalam meningkatkan temuan kasus TB Paru. Saat ini WHO telah merekomendasikan metode Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP-TB) yang memiliki sensitivitas, spesifitas, efisiensi tinggi, cepat dan sederhana dalam hal metode molekular untuk mengidentifikasi Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah teknik LAMP-TB dapat mendeteksi M.tuberculosis pada sampel sputum. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observasional/survei dengan pendekatan uji diagnostik secara potong lintang pada pasien terduga TB Paru BTA negatif di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado selama bulan September-Oktober 2017. Dari 25 sampel pasien terduga TB paru BTA negatif didapatkan sebagian besar berusia 52-64 tahun, berjenis kelamin laki-laki 18 orang (72%), dan konsistensi sputum purulen pada 14 sampel (56%). Pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan metode LAMP-TB mendapatkan 4 sampel (16%) dinyatakan positif mengandung M.tuberculosis dan 21 sampel (84%) dinyatakan negatif. Simpulan: Metode LAMP-TB dapat mendeteksi M.Tuberculosis dalam sampel sputum.Kata kunci: TB paru, M.tuberculosis, LAMP-TB

scholarly journals Viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum after pulmonary tuberculosis cure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiqa Ambreen ◽  
Muhammad Jamil ◽  
Muhammad Aqeelur Rahman ◽  
Tehmina Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Continuation Phase ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Direct Smear ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with detectable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum is a major source of transmission. In resource limited TB endemic settings, cure is declared through sputum smear examination for acid fast bacilli without performing culture. This may lead to erroneous treatment outcomes as viable bacteria may be missed due to the low sensitivity of direct smear method. The aim of this study was to investigate if sterilizing cure is achieved among the new pulmonary TB cases declared cured by sputum smear conversion and to evaluate the impact of addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase in achieving it. Methods New sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB patients registered at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from November 2013 to March 2014 were followed under standard Directly Observed Treatment Short Course strategy for six months. Half of these patients received ethambutol in addition to isoniazid and rifampicin in the continuation phase. Sputum specimens were examined on microscopy at 2 months and at the end of treatment. Sputa of patients with negative direct smear examination at the end of treatment were cultured. Results Among 5746 TB suspects, 1595 were new sputum smear positive pulmonary TB cases, and 533 were registered at our hospital. Among these, 504 converted sputum negative at 2 months and 348 converted at the end of six months of treatment and were declared cured. Sputa of 204/348 patients were cultured, and 12/204 (6%) were culture-positive. Culture positivity at 6 months was not associated with bacterial load, smoking, diabetes, presence of cavities, history of contact with TB patients, age, sex, socioeconomic status, or addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase. Conclusion Viable cultivable bacilli were detected in 6% of cured patients, which would have significant impact on the control of TB. This highlights the need for an inexpensive and accurate surrogate marker for culture as it is not feasible to perform culture in routine for monitoring treatment response in the low-resource settings. The treatment outcome did not improve by addition of ethambutol emphasizing the need to find the optimal duration of treatment for individual or carefully selected groups of patients.

scholarly journals Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in Fecal Specimens From Adults Diagnosed With Pulmonary Tuberculosis Using the Xpert MTB/Rifampicin Test

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kokuto ◽  
Yuka Sasaki ◽  
Shoji Yoshimatsu ◽  
Kazue Mizuno ◽  
Lina Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Smear Negative ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background.  The Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)/rifampicin (RIF) is a fully automated diagnostic test that allows for the detection of MTB including its RIF resistance. Although the test is used for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in sputum samples worldwide, studies using fecal specimens are scarce. We therefore evaluated the efficacy of the Xpert MTB/RIF test for detection of MTB in fecal specimens obtained from adult pulmonary TB patients, confirmed by culture and/or molecular diagnostic methods. Methods.  We conducted a retrospective case-control study to provide proof-of-concept regarding the efficacy of the Xpert MTB/RIF test using fecal samples for diagnosing pulmonary TB via detection of MTB in adult patients (≥20 years) at the Fukujuji Hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Results.  Fecal specimens were obtained from 56 active pulmonary TB patients (including 48 sputum smear-positive and 8 sputum smear-negative patients), 10 non-TB patients (including 4 Myocobacterium avium complex infections), and 27 healthy individuals who were exposed to active pulmonary TB patients. The sensitivity of the fecal Xpert MTB/RIF was 100% (81.7%–100%) for detection of MTB in specimens from sputum smear-positive (1+ to 3+) patients, 81.0% (58.1%–94.6%) in specimens from sputum smear scanty positive patients, and 50.0% (15.7%–84.3%) in specimens from sputum smear-negative patients. Meanwhile, each of the fecal specimens from the non-TB group was negative for MTB (specificity 100%; 95% confidence interval, 86.2–100). Conclusions.  The fecal Xpert MTB/RIF test could detect MTB in a large proportion of smear-positive pulmonary TB patients, without frequent false-positive results at a TB referral hospital in Japan.

scholarly journals Viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum after pulmonary tuberculosis cure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiqa Ambreen ◽  
Muhammad Jamil ◽  
Muhammad Aqeelur Rahman ◽  
Tehmina Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Continuation Phase ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Direct Smear ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with detectable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum is a major source of transmission. In resource limited TB endemic settings, cure is declared through sputum smear examination for acid fast bacilli without performing culture. This may lead to erroneous treatment outcomes as viable bacteria may be missed due to the low sensitivity of direct smear method. The aim of this study was to investigate if sterilizing cure is achieved among the new pulmonary TB cases declared cured by sputum smear conversion and to evaluate the impact of addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase in achieving it. Methods New sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB patients registered at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from November 2013 to March 2014 were followed under standard Directly Observed Treatment Short Course strategy for six months. Half of these patients received ethambutol in addition to isoniazid and rifampicin in the continuation phase. Sputum specimens were examined on microscopy at 2 months and at the end of treatment. Sputa of patients with negative direct smear examination at the end of treatment were cultured. Results Among 5746 TB suspects, 1595 were new sputum smear positive pulmonary TB cases, and 533 were registered at our hospital. Among these, 504 converted sputum negative at 2 months and 348 converted at the end of six months of treatment and were declared cured. Sputa of 204/348 patients were cultured, and 12/204 (6%) were culture-positive. Culture positivity at 6 months was not associated with bacterial load, smoking, diabetes, presence of cavities, history of contact with TB patients, age, sex, socioeconomic status, or addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase. Conclusion Viable cultivable bacilli were detected in 6% of cured patients, which would have significant impact on the control of TB. This highlights the need for an inexpensive and accurate surrogate marker for culture as it is not feasible to perform culture in routine for monitoring treatment response in the low-resource settings. The treatment outcome did not improve by addition of ethambutol emphasizing the need to find the optimal duration of treatment for individual or carefully selected groups of patients.

scholarly journals Viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum after pulmonary tuberculosis cure

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiqa Ambreen ◽  
Muhammad Jamil ◽  
Mohammad Aqeel ur Rahman ◽  
Tehmina Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Continuation Phase ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Direct Smear ◽  
Smear Examination ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) with detectable Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum is a major source of transmission. In resource limited TB endemic settings, cure is declared through sputum smear examination for acid fast bacilli without performing culture. This may lead to erroneous treatment outcomes as viable bacteria may be missed due to the low sensitivity of direct smear method. The aim of this study was to investigate if sterilizing cure is achieved among the new pulmonary TB cases declared cured by sputum smear conversion and to evaluate the impact of addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase in achieving it. Methods New sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB patients registered at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from November 2013 to March 2014 were followed under standard Directly Observed Treatment Short Course strategy for 6 months. Half of these patients received ethambutol in addition to isoniazid and rifampicin in the continuation phase. Sputum specimens were examined on microscopy at 2 months and at the end of treatment. Sputa of patients with negative direct smear examination at the end of treatment were cultured. Results Among 5746 TB suspects, 1595 were new sputum smear positive pulmonary TB cases, and 533 were registered at our hospital. Among these, 504 converted sputum negative at 2 months and 348 converted at the end of 6 months of treatment and were declared cured. Sputa of 204/348 patients were cultured, and 12/204 (6%) were culture-positive. Culture positivity at 6 months was not associated with bacterial load, smoking, diabetes, presence of cavities, history of contact with TB patients, age, sex, socioeconomic status, or addition of ethambutol in the continuation phase. Conclusion Viable cultivable bacilli were detected in 6% of cured patients, which would have significant impact on the control of TB. This highlights the need for an inexpensive and accurate surrogate marker for culture as it is not feasible to perform culture in routine for monitoring treatment response in the low-resource settings. The treatment outcome did not improve by addition of ethambutol emphasizing the need to find the optimal duration of treatment for individual or carefully selected groups of patients.

scholarly journals Tuberculin reactivity in bacille calmette-guerin vaccinated individuals with sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
PK Jha ◽  
R Gurung ◽  
N Gyawali ◽  
HP Nepal ◽  
DD Baral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Bacille Calmette Guerin ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Sensitivity Rate ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The study was carried out to assess the value of tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) in BCG vaccinated individuals and to find out the sensitivity rate of tuberculin skin test (TST) in comparison to acid fast bacilli positive pulmonary TB. Similar population with high BCG vaccination coverage having both pulmonary TB patients (n=150) and apparently healthy individuals (n=150) in eastern Nepal were enrolled in this comparative study. Sputum from all the subjects was subjected to Z-N microscopy. TST was performed on these subjects by standard Mantoux method. Among the patients (mean age 36.18±14.15 yrs) and controls (mean age 35.61±13.44 yrs), 55.33 % and 47.33 % respectively have been found to be positive PPD reactors (>10mm) which is statistically not significant (P>0.05). About 23% of the patients & 27% of controls failed to react (anergic) to 5 TU PPD. PPD reactivity rate was high in the patients whose sputum smears were graded as 1+ in Z-N microscopy. The sensitivity of TST was highest for the induration of >5mm (77.3%). Specificity increased with increasing size of induration and was highest (73.3%) with induration of >15 mm. Tuberculin skin test is an all or none phenomenon. In Nepal, tuberculin test has a limited value in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB as both the apparently healthy individuals and patients with sputum smear positive pulmonary TB who had been immunized with BCG, showed almost similar rate of tuberculin reactivity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v7i1.5970 JCMSN 2011; 7(1): 28-35

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