The horizontal cells of artiodactyl retinae: A comparison with Cajal's descriptions

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Sandman ◽  
Brian B. Boycott ◽  
Leo Peichl
Keyword(s):  
Sika Deer ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Morphological Difference ◽  
Dendritic Tree ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Important Respect ◽  
Single Axon ◽  
Familial Differences ◽  
Wild Pig

AbstractThe morphology of horizontal cells in ox, sheep, and pig retinae as observed after Lucifer Yellow injections are described and compared with the descriptions of Golgi-stained cells by Ramón y Cajal (1893). Horizontal cells in the retinae of less domesticated species, wild pig, fallow and sika deer, mouflon, and aurochs were also examined. All these retinae have two types of horizontal cell; their morphologies are in common, although with some familial differences. Their basic appearance is as Cajal described; except in one important respect, a single axon-like process could not be identified on the external horizontal cells. It is concluded that external horizontal cells of artiodactyls correspond to the axonless (A-type) cells of other mammals. Cajal's internal horizontal cells have a single axon which contacts rods. This type corresponds to the B-type cells of other mammalian retinae. Artiodactyl A- and B-type horizontal cells differ from those of many other mammals in that the B-type dendritic tree is robust and the A-type dendritic tree is delicate. Historically, this morphological difference between orders of mammals has led to some confusion. The comparisons presented here suggest that the morphological types of primate horizontal cells can be integrated into a general mammalian classification.

Physiological and morphological correlations of horizontal cells in the mudpuppy retina

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 829-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Kim ◽  
R. F. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Necturus Maculosus ◽  
Single Axon ◽  
Physiological Analysis ◽  
Dendritic Fields

1. Horizontal cells (HCs) of the mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) retina were physiologically characterized with the use of intracellular recordings in a superfused, dark-adapted, retina-eyecup preparation. 2. Physiological analysis included an evaluation of rod versus cone input and a determination of the receptive field size with the use of a displaced slit of light. 3. The morphology of HCs was established through intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Lucifer yellow mixed in a single electrode. 4. Three types of horizontal cells were identified, each associated with a distinct morphology. Physiological subtypes included luminosity (L) and chromaticity (C) cells. Morphological diversities included single axon-bearing, multiple axon-bearing and, nonaxon-bearing cells. All C-type HCs lacked axons. 5. Approximately 90% of HCs encountered in this study were L-type cells, which received sign-conserving inputs from both rods and cones. These cell types contained one or more long axons that often stretched greater than 500 microns. This group was morphologically diverse, particularly with respect to variations in the number of axons, but we were unable to correlate this diversity with any unique set of physiological properties. 6. Several C-type HCs were identified (n = 8). These cells depolarized to a low-intensity, short-wavelength (SW) stimulus, whereas they hyperpolarized to high-intensity, long-wavelength stimuli. Morphologically, these cells were axonless (n = 4), with relatively small dendritic fields. 7. A third group of HCs were classified as "short wavelength preferring" HCs (n = 7). These cells responded better to a SW stimulus at all intensity levels. They were thus dissimilar to the common L-type HCs, which showed an apparent rod to cone transition as the stimulus intensity increased, suggestive of a shift from rod to cone preference. Morphologically, these cells were axonless (n = 2), but had broader dendritic fields than the C-type HCs. 8. Our observations indicate that the horizontal cell population of the mudpuppy retina is considerably more complex than previously supposed. The existence of both axon-bearing and axonless HCs, which could be correlated with L- and C-type physiology, implies that HCs may support more than one function in outer retina processing.

Electrical coupling of retinal horizontal cells mediated by distinct voltage-independent junctions

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 811-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHENGBIAO LU ◽  
DAO-QI ZHANG ◽  
DOUGLAS G. McMAHON
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
Dependent Inactivation ◽  
Cellular Junctions ◽  
Voltage Dependent

Electrical coupling between H2 horizontal cell pairs isolated from the hybrid bass retina was studied using dual whole-cell, voltage-clamp technique. Voltage-dependent inactivation of junctional currents in response to steps in transjunctional voltage (Vj) over a range of ±100 mV was characterized for 89 cell pairs. Approximately one-quarter of the pairs exhibited strongly voltage-dependent junctions (>50% reduction in junctional current at ±100 mV), another quarter of the pairs exhibited voltage-independent junctional current (<5% reduction at ±100 mV), and the remainder of the pairs exhibited intermediate values for voltage inactivation. We focused on further characterizing the Vj-independent junctions of horizontal cells, which have not been described previously in detail. When Lucifer Yellow dye was included in one recording pipette, pairs exhibiting Vj-independent coupling showed no (9/12), or limited (3/12), passage of dye. Vj-independent coupling was markedly less sensitive to the modulators SNP (100–300 μM, −9% reduction in coupling) and dopamine (100–300 μM, −6%) than were Vj-dependent junctions (−45% and −44%). However, simultaneous application of both SNP and dopamine significantly reduced Vj-independent coupling (−56%). Both Vj-independent and Vj-dependent junctions were blocked by DMSO (1–2%), but Vj-independent junctions were not blocked by heptanol. Single-channel junctional conductances of Vj-independent junctions range from 112–180 pS, versus 50–60 pS for Vj-dependent junctions. The results reveal that Vj-independent coupling in a subpopulation of horizontal cells from the hybrid bass retina is mediated by cellular junctions with physiological and pharmacological characteristics distinct from those previously described in fish horizontal cells.

Morphological types of horizontal cell in rodent retinae: A comparison of rat, mouse, gerbil, and guinea pig

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Peichl ◽  
Juncal González-Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Calbindin D

AbstractRetinal horizontal cells of four rodent species, rat, mouse, gerbil, and guinea pig were examined to determine whether they conform to the basic pattern of two horizontal cell types found in other mammalian orders. Intracellular injections of Lucifer-Yellow were made to reveal the morphologies of individual cells. Immunocytochemistry with antisera against the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin was used to assess population densities and mosaics.Lucifer-Yellow injections showed axonless A-type and axon-bearing B-type horizontal cells in guinea pig, but revealed only B-type cells in rat and gerbil retinae. Calbindin immunocytochemistry labeled the A-and B-type populations in guinea pig, but only a homogeneous regular mosaic of cells with B-type features in rat, mouse, and gerbil. All calbindin-immunoreactive horizontal cells in the latter species were also parvalbumin-immunoreactive; comparison with Nissl-stained retinae showed that both antisera label all of the horizontal cells. Taken together, the data from cell injections and the population studies provide strong evidence that rat, mouse, and gerbil retinae have only one type of horizontal cell, the axon-bearing B-type, where as the guinea pig has both A-and B-type cells. Thus, at least three members of the family Muridae differ from other rodents and deviate from the proposed mammalian scheme of horizontal cell types.The absence of A-type cells is apparently not linked to any peculiarities in the photoreceptor populations, and there is no consistent match between the topographic distributions of the horizontal cells and those of the cone photoreceptors or ganglion cells across the four rodent species. However, the cone to horizontal cell ratio is rather similar in the species with and without A-type cells.

Morphological and functional identifications of catfish retinal neurons. I. Classical morphology

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Naka ◽  
N. R. Garraway
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Dendritic Tree ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Inner Nuclear Layer ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Definition Of

The morphology of the catfish horizontal cells is comparable to that in other fish retinas. The external horizontal cells contact cone receptors and are stellate in shape; the intermediate horizontal cells are even more so and contact rod receptors. The internal horizontal cells constitute the most proximal layer of the inner nuclear layer and may possibly be, in reality, extended processes from the other two horizontal cell types. Bipolar cells resemble those in other teleost retinas: the size and shape of their dendritic tree encompass a continuous spectrum ranging from what is known as the small to the large bipolar cells. The accepted definition of amacrine cells is sufficiently vague to justify our originating a more descriptive and less inferential name for the (axonless) neurons in the inner nuclear layer which radiate processes throughout the inner synaptic layer. These starbust and spaghetti cells vary considerably in the character and extent of their dendritic spread, but correlates exist in other vertebrate retinas. Ganglion cells are found not only in the classical ganglion layer but displaced into the inner nuclear layer as well. Several types can be distinguished on the basis of cell geometry and by the properties of their dendritic tree. Not all of the categorization corresponds with previous descriptions; our findings suggest that some reorganization may be necessary in the accepted classification of cells in the proximal areas of the vertebrate retina. A subtle yet remarkable pattern underlies the entire structure of the catfish retina; there exists a definite gradient of size within a particular class of cells, and of configuration among the subclasses of a specific cell type. It remains to be seen if these morphological spectra bear any functional consequences. The fact that the structure of the catfish retina most closely resembles those of other phylogenetically ancient animals, such as the skate and the dogfish shark, testifies to its primitive organization; morphological and functional mechanisms discernible in this simple system may, therefore, be applicable to the retinas of higher ordered vertebrates.

Distribution and coverage of A- and B-type horizontal cells stained with Neurobiotin in the rabbit retina

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Mills ◽  
Stephen C. Massey
Keyword(s):  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Dye Coupling ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Visual Streak ◽  
Dendritic Fields

AbstractBoth A- and B-type horizontal cells in the rabbit retina were labeled by brief in vitro incubations of the isolated retina in the blue fluorescent dye 4,6–diamino-2–phenylindole. Intracellular injection of Lucifer Yellow into the somata revealed the morphology of the individual cells. Dye-coupling with Lucifer Yellow was seen only between A-type horizontal cells. By contrast, injection of the tracer Neurobiotin showed dye-coupling between both A- and B-type horizontal cells. There also appeared to be coupling between the axon terminals of B-type horizontal cells.The extensive dye-coupling seen following injection of Neurobiotin into a single horizontal cell soma can be used to obtain population counts of each cell type. Staining of large numbers of each cell type across the retina showed that each type increased in number and declined in dendritic diameter as the visual streak was approached, such that relatively constant coverage across the retina was maintained. In the visual streak, A-type horizontal cells numbered 555 cells/mm2 and averaged 120 μm in diameter, compared to 1375 cells/mm2 and 100 μm for B-type horizontal cells. In the periphery, the A- and B-types numbered 250 cells/mm2 and 400 cells/mm2, respectively. The average diameters of the dendritic trees at these locations were 225 μm for the A-type and 175 μm for the B-type. Coverage across the retina averaged almost six for A-type horizontal cells and 8–10 for the B-type. A-type horizontal cells in the visual streak whose elliptical dendritic fields were shown by Bloomfield (1992) to correlate physiologically with orientation bias were shown to be dye-coupled to cells with symmetrical dendritic fields.

A three-dimensional analysis of the development of the horizontal cell mosaic in the rat retina: Implications for the mechanisms controlling pattern formation

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELENA NOVELLI ◽  
PAOLA LEONE ◽  
VALENTINA RESTA ◽  
LUCIA GALLI-RESTA
Keyword(s):  
Inner Core ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dendritic Tree ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Exclusion Zone ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Spacing Rule

The horizontal cells are known to form a mono-layered mosaic in the adult retina, but are scattered at different retinal depths in early development. To help clarifying when and which spatial constraints appear in the relative positioning of these cells, we have performed a quantitative analysis of the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the horizontal cell mosaic at different developmental stages in the postnatal rat retina. We first analyzed the two-dimensional (2D) distribution of the horizontal cell projections onto a plane parallel to the upper retinal surface in retinal flat-mounts, and thus to the future mature horizontal cell mosaic. We found that this 2D distribution was non random since postnatal day 1 (P1), and had a subsequent stepwise improvement in regularity. This preceded the alignment of cells in a single monolayer, which was observed on P6. We then computed true horizontal cell spacing in 3D, finding non-random 3D positioning already on P1. Simulation studies showed that this order might simply derive from the 2D order observed in the projections of the cells in flat-mount, combined with their limited spread in retinal depth. Throughout the period analyzed, the relative positions of horizontal cells are in good agreement with a minimal spacing rule in which the exclusion zone corresponds to the average size of the inner core of the cell dendritic tree estimated from P1 samples. These data indicate the existence of different phases in the process of horizontal cell 3D spatial ordering, supporting the view that multiple mechanisms are involved in the development of the horizontal cell mosaic.

Receptor contacts of horizontal cells in the retina of the domestic cat

1978 ◽  
Vol 203 (1152) ◽  
pp. 247-267 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Axon Terminal ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Terminal System ◽  
Cone Mosaic ◽  
Single Axon ◽  
Dendritic Fields

The terminal aggregations of A- and B-type horizontal cells, stained by the Golgi-Colonnier method, have been analysed. The pattern of the aggregations is regular and is shown to be in register with the cone mosaic. Both types of horizontal cell are in contact with at least 80% of the cones above their dendritic fields. Therefore, the different horizontal cell classes cannot be selective for a special kind of cone but must have at least 60% of the cone input in common. Each A-type horizontal cell makes contacts with between 120 and 170 cones, and each B-type horizontal cell with 60-90 cones. An individual A-type horizontal cell occupies an average of 20% of the lateral elements of the triads in a cone pedicle, but an individual B-type cell fills only some 13%. Each and every cone is connected with several of both types of horizontal cell. An estimation of the number of rods converging onto a single axon terminal system showed that it could be as many as 3000.

Gap-junctional properties of electrically coupled skate horizontal cells in culture

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haohua Qian ◽  
Robert Paul Malchow ◽  
Harris Ripps
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Cell Voltage ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Cell Coupling ◽  
Junctional Conductance ◽  
Gap Junctional

AbstractWhole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were used to examine the unusual pharmacological properties of the electrical coupling between rod-driven horizontal cells in skate retina as revealed previously by receptive-field measurements (Qian & Ripps, 1992). The junctional resistance was measured in electrically coupled cell pairs that had been enzymatically isolated and maintained in culture; the typical value was about 19.92 MΩ(n = 45), more than an order of magnitude lower than the nonjunctional membrane resistance. These data and the intercellular spread of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow provide a good indication that skate horizontal cells are well coupled. The junctional conductance between cells was not modulated by the neurotransmitters dopamine (200 μM) or GABA (1 mM), nor was it affected by the membrane-permeable analogues of cAMP or cGMP, or the adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin. Although resistant to agents that have been reported to alter horizontal-cell coupling in cone-driven horizontal cells, the junctional conductance between paired horizontal cells of skate was greatly reduced by the application of 20 mM acetate, which is known to effectively reduce intracellular pH. Together with the results obtained in situ on the receptive-field properties of skate horizontal cells, these findings indicate that the gap-junctional properties of rod-driven horizontal cells of the skate are fundamentally different from those of cone-driven horizontal cells in other species. This raises the possibility that there is more than one class of electrical synapse on vertebrate horizontal cells.

Dye coupling in horizontal cells of developing rabbit retina

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANNA A. JOHNSON ◽  
STEPHEN L. MILLS ◽  
MICHAEL F. HABERECHT ◽  
STEPHEN C. MASSEY
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Outer Plexiform Layer ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Dye Coupling ◽  
Cell Coupling

In the mature rabbit retina, two classes of horizontal cells, A type and B type, provide lateral inhibition in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and spatially modify the activation of bipolar cells by photoreceptors. Gap junctions connecting homologous horizontal cells determine the extent to which this inhibitory activity spreads laterally across the OPL. Little is currently known about the expression of gap junctions in horizontal cells during postnatal development or how cell–cell coupling might contribute to subsequent maturational events. We have examined the morphological attributes and coupling properties of developing A and B type horizontal cells in neonatal rabbit retina using intracellular injections of Lucifer Yellow and Neurobiotin. Prelabeling with DAPI permitted the targeting of horizontal cell bodies for intracellular injection in perfused preparations of isolated retina. A and B type horizontal cells were identifiable at birth although their dendritic field sizes had not reached adult proportions and their synaptic contacts in the OPL were minimal. Both cell types exhibited homologous dye coupling at birth. Similar to that seen in the adult, no heterologous coupling was observed, and homologous coupling among A type cells was stronger than that observed among B type cells. The spread of tracer compounds through gap junctions of morphologically immature horizontal cells suggests that ions and other small, bioactive compounds may likewise spread through coupled, horizontal networks to coordinate the subsequent maturational of emerging outer plexiform layer pathways.

scholarly journals Lateral feedback from monophasic horizontal cells to cones in carp retina. I. Experiments.

1989 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kamermans ◽  
B W van Dijk ◽  
H Spekreijse ◽  
R C Zweypfenning
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Cell Adaptation ◽  
Test Spot ◽  
Displacement Experiments ◽  
High Stimulus ◽  
Integration Area

The spatial and color coding of the monophasic horizontal cells were studied in light- and dark-adapted retinae. Slit displacement experiments revealed differences in integration area for the different cone inputs of the monophasic horizontal cells. The integration area measured with a 670-nm stimulus was larger than that measured with a 570-nm stimulus. Experiments in which the diameter of the test spot was varied, however, revealed at high stimulus intensities a larger summation area for 520-nm stimuli than for 670-nm stimuli. The reverse was found for low stimulus intensities. To investigate whether these differences were due to interaction between the various cone inputs to the monophasic horizontal cell, adaptation experiments were performed. It was found that the various cone inputs were not independent. Finally, some mechanisms for the spatial and color coding will be discussed.

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