Mapping photoreceptor and postreceptoral labelling patterns using a channel permeable probe (agmatine) during development in the normal and RCS rat retina

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL KALLONIATIS ◽  
GUIDO TOMISICH ◽  
JOHN W. WELLARD ◽  
LISA E. FOSTER
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Inner Retina ◽  
Strong Signal ◽  
Rcs Rat ◽  
Sequential Development ◽  
Nuclear Labelling ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
Neurochemical Development

The aim of this study was to determine whether agmatine, a channel permeable probe, can identify photoreceptor dysfunction in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) retina at an earlier stage to that shown by apoptosis or anatomical markers, and also characterize the neurochemical development of the inner retina in the normal and degenerating rat. We used isolated retinas at different ages incubated in physiological media containing agmatine. Subsequently, postembedding immunocytochemistry was used to determine the number of labelled photoreceptors and the labelling pattern within postreceptoral neurons. Agmatine labelling patterns revealed a sequential development of retinal neurons beginning at postnatal day (PND)11/12 with most horizontal cells, a few ganglion and amacrine cells, showing a strong signal. The neurochemical development progressed rapidly, and reflects to a large part the known distribution of glutamate receptors, with inner nuclear labelling being evident by PND14, continuing with the same pattern of labelling in adulthood for the control retina. The RCS retina showed markedly reduced agmatine labelling in the inner retina at PND20. A rapid increase in photoreceptor AGB labelling was evident during the degeneration phase. Multiple samples at PND14 and PND16 confirmed a significant increase of labelled photoreceptors in the RCS retina.

scholarly journals Frequency Characteristics of Retinal Neurons in the Carp

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Ichi Toyoda
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Frequency Characteristics ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Lateral Interaction ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Modulated Light

Frequency characteristics of various retinal neurons in the carp were studied using sinusoidally modulated light as an input. They were affected by both intensity and pattern of illumination. In the horizontal cells, in which the effect of light intensity was studied most extensively, an increase in the light intensity brought about a decrease of the gain, which was more marked at lower frequencies, resulting in a shift of cutoff frequency towards higher frequencies and in a slight low frequency attenuation. A decrease in the area illuminated had an effect similar to a decrease in the light intensity. In the receptor, the low frequency attenuation was not apparent even at high light intensities. The adaptation process in receptors was not sufficient to explain the low frequency attenuation in the horizontal cells, and a possible contribution of negative feedback from horizontal cells to receptors was suggested. In the bipolar cell, the lateral interaction played an important role. An increase in an area resulted in the suppression of the response at low frequencies where the phases of the center and the surround responses were opposed, but in the augmentation near 5 Hz where the two responses were in phase. In amacrine cells, a low frequency attenuation and a phase advance at low frequencies were very prominent, and were considered to be due mainly to a process designated here as the neural adaptation.

Similar effects of carbachol and dopamine on neurons in the distal retina of the tiger salamander

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Hare ◽  
W. Geoffrey Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Release ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
D1 Receptors ◽  
Ambystoma Tigrinum ◽  
Tiger Salamander ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
D2 Dopamine Receptors

AbstractThough there is considerable evidence that dopamine is an important retinal neuromodulator that mediates many of the changes in the properties of retinal neurons that are normally seen during light adaptation, the mechanism by which dopamine release is controlled remains poorly understood. In this paper, we present evidence which indicates that dopamine release in the retina of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, is driven excitatorily by a cholinergic input. We compared the effects of applying carbachol to those of dopamine application on the responses of rods, horizontal cells, and bipolar cells recorded intracellularly from the isolated, perfused retina of the tiger salamander. Micromolar concentrations of dopamine reduced the amplitudes of rod responses throughout the rods' operating range. The ratio of amplitudes of the cone-driven to rod-driven components of the responses of both horizontal and bipolar cells was increased by activation of both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Dopamine acted to uncouple horizontal cells and also off-center bipolar cells, the mechanism in the case of horizontal cells depending only upon activation of D1 receptors. Carbachol, a specific cholinomimetic, applied in five- to ten-fold higher concentrations, produced effects that were essentially identical to those of dopamine. These effects of carbachol were blocked by application of specific dopamine blockers, however, indicating that they are mediated secondarily by dopamine. We propose that the dopamine-releasing amacrine cells in the salamander are under the control of cells, probably amacrine cells, which secrete acetylcholine as their transmitter.

scholarly journals The somal patterning of the AII amacrine cell mosaic in the mouse retina is indistinguishable from random simulations matched for density and constrained by soma size

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK W. KEELEY ◽  
BENJAMIN E. REESE
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Soma Size ◽  
Aii Amacrine Cells ◽  
Aii Amacrine ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

AbstractThe orderly spacing of retinal neurons is commonly regarded as a characteristic feature of retinal nerve cell populations. Exemplars of this property include the horizontal cells and the cholinergic amacrine cells, where individual cells minimize the proximity to like-type neighbors, yielding regularity in the patterning of their somata. Recently, two types of retinal bipolar cells in the mouse retina were shown to exhibit an order in their somal patterning no different from density-matched simulations constrained by soma size but being otherwise randomly distributed. The present study has now extended this finding to a type of retinal amacrine cell, the AII amacrine cell. Voronoi domain analysis revealed the patterning in the population of AII amacrine somata to be no different from density-matched and soma-size-constrained random simulations, while analysis of the density recovery profile showed AII amacrine cells to exhibit a minimal intercellular spacing identical to that for those random simulations: AII amacrine somata were positioned side-by-side as often as chance would predict. Regularity indexes and packing factors (PF) were far lower than those achieved by either the horizontal cells or cholinergic amacrine cells, with PFs also being comparable to those derived from the constrained random simulations. These results extend recent findings that call into question the widespread assumption that all types of retinal neurons are assembled as regular somal arrays, and have implications for the way in which AII amacrine cells must distribute their processes to ensure a uniform coverage of the retinal surface.

Alterations in NMDA receptor expression during retinal degeneration in the RCS rat

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
TATIANA GRÜNDER ◽  
KONRAD KOHLER ◽  
ELKE GUENTHER
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Rcs Rat ◽  
Rcs Rats

To determine how a progressive loss of photoreceptor cells and the concomitant loss of glutamatergic input to second-order neurons can affect inner-retinal signaling, glutamate receptor expression was analyzed in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, an animal model of retinitis pigmentosa. Immunohistochemistry was performed on retinal sections of RCS rats and congenic controls between postnatal (P) day 3 and the aged adult (up to P350) using specific antibodies against N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subunits. All NMDA subunits (NR1, NR2A–2D) were expressed in control and dystrophic retinas at all ages, and distinct patterns of labeling were found in horizontal cells, subpopulations of amacrine cells and ganglion cells, as well as in the outer and inner plexiform layer (IPL). NR1 immunoreactivity in the inner plexiform layer of adult control retinas was concentrated in two distinct bands, indicating a synaptic localization of NMDA receptors in the OFF and ON signal pathways. In the RCS retina, these bands of NR1 immunoreactivity in the IPL were much weaker in animals older than P40. In parallel, NR2B immunoreactivity in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) of RCS rats was always reduced compared to controls and vanished between P40 and P120. The most striking alteration observed in the degenerating retina, however, was a strong expression of NR1 immunoreactivity in Müller cell processes in the inner retina which was not observed in control animals and which was present prior to any visible sign of photoreceptor degeneration. The results suggest functional changes in glutamatergic receptor signaling in the dystrophic retina and a possible involvement of Müller cells in early processes of this disease.

scholarly journals THE FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE RETINA AND OPTIC NERVE OF RABBITS

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. REALE ◽  
L. LUCIANO ◽  
M. SPITZNAS
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Histochemical Reaction ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Structural Localization

In the rabbit retina acetylcholinesterase activity is localized in the perinuclear cisterna, in the cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus of ganglion cells and amacrine cells. The histochemical reaction is positive also in the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of some horizontal cells. The highest activity is seen in the internal plexiform layer; because of artifacts caused by the diffusion of the enzyme, a clear demonstration of relation of the positivity to one or the other regular components of this layer, however, is not possible. Myelinated fibers which exhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and are most probably efferent are found in the internal plexiform layer. In the retinal nerve fiber layer and in the optic nerve only a few fibers show a positive reaction.

Glycine stimulates calcium-independent release of 3H-GABA from isolated retinas of Xenopus laevis

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Smiley ◽  
Scott F. Basinger
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Label Density ◽  
Somatostatin 14

AbstractA perfusion system was used to monitor the release of [3H]-GABA from isolated retinas of Xenopus laevis. Measurable release was stimulated by glycine at concentrations as low as 200 μM. Glycine-stimulated release was blocked by strychnine, and was not reduced in “calcium-free” Ringer's solution (0 Ca2+/20 mM Mg2+). Glutamate also stimulated calcium-independent release, using concentrations as low as 100 μM. In contrast, release stimulated by 25 mM potassium was reduced by 80% in calcium-free medium.In most experiments, agonists were applied in six consecutive 4-mm pulses separated by 10-mm washes with Ringer's solution. Under these conditions, the release stimulated by 0.5 mM glutamate or 25 mM potassium decreased by at least 50% from the first to the second pulse, and then gradually decreased with successive applications. In contrast, the response to 0.5 mM glycine at first increased and then only gradually decreased with successive pulses. These patterns of response to different agonists were similar in calcium-free medium.Somatostatin (—14 or —28) also stimulated release, and this effect was inhibited by AOAA, an inhibitor of GABA degradation. In the presence of AOAA, somatostatin had little effect, except at high concentrations of somatostatin (5 μM), which increased both basal and glycine-stimulated release. In contrast to somatostatin, glycine-stimulated release was much larger in the presence of AOAA.Autoradiography was used to investigate which cell types released [3H]-GABA under our conditions. Autoradiograms showed that horizontal cells and a population of apparent “off” bipolar cells were well-labeled by [3H]-GABA high-affinity uptake. In addition, light labeling was seen over numerous amacrine cells. After application of glycine, glutamate, or potassium, there was a decrease in label density over horizontal cells.

Cellular proliferation and neurogenesis in the injured retina of adult zebrafish

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 789-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID A. CAMERON
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Mechanical Injury ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Lesion Site ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Retinal Injury ◽  
Teleost Retina

The retinas of adult teleost fish can regenerate neurons following a chemical or mechanical injury. Previous studies have demonstrated that mechanical excision of fish retina induces a hyperplasia within the retinal sheet, including the formation of a proliferative blastema from whence new retinal cells are produced to fill the excision site. The current study was designed to address two issues regarding injury-induced retinal hyperplasia: (1) Retinas of adult zebrafish can regenerate following a surgical excision, but compared to other fish they contain very few proliferative cells: Might retinal injury in adult zebrafish therefore induce minimal, or perhaps no, hyperplasia? (2) The fate of injury-induced, proliferative retinal cells outside surgical excision sites has yet to be determined. Do such cells produce retinal neurons? Evidence is presented that mechanical injury to the adult zebrafish retina induces a dramatic increase in the number of proliferative cells both within and external to the lesion site, and some of these cells apparently migrate within the radial dimension of the retina. Evidence is also presented that injury-induced proliferative cells outside a lesion site can produce retinal neurons—including cone photoreceptors, interplexiform cells, and amacrine cells—that are incorporated into the extant retina. The results suggest that the adult zebrafish retina contains a latent population of cells that is induced to proliferate following retinal injury, and that these cells might represent a novel avenue for pluripotent neurogenesis within the intact adult teleost retina.

Regional distribution of nitrergic neurons in the inner retina of the chicken

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN WILSON ◽  
NICK NACSA ◽  
NATHAN S. HART ◽  
CYNTHIA WELLER ◽  
DAVID I. VANEY
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Inner Retina ◽  
Neuronal Types

AbstractUsing both NADPH diaphorase and anti-nNOS antibodies, we have identified—from retinal flatmounts—neuronal types in the inner retina of the chicken that are likely to be nitrergic. The two methods gave similar results and yielded a total of 15 types of neurons, comprising 9 amacrine cells, 5 ganglion cells, and 1 centrifugal midbrain neuron. Six of these 15 cell types are ubiquitously distributed, comprising 3 amacrine cells, 2 displaced ganglion cells, and a presumed orthotopic ganglion cell. The remaining nine cell types are regionally restricted within the retina. As previously reported, efferent fibers of midbrain neurons and their postsynaptic partners, the unusual axon-bearing target amacrine cells, are entirely confined to the ventral retina. Also confined to the ventral retina, though with somewhat different distributions, are the “bullwhip” amacrine cells thought to be involved in eye growth, an orthotopic ganglion cell, and two types of large axon-bearing amacrine cells whose dendrites and axons lie in stratum 1 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Intracellular fills of these two cell types showed that only a minority of otherwise morphologically indistinguishable neurons are nitrergic. Two amacrine cells that branch throughout the IPL are confined to an equatorial band, and one small-field orthotopic ganglion cell that branches in the proximal IPL is entirely dorsal. These findings suggest that the retina uses different processing on different regions of the visual image, though the benefit of this is presently obscure.

Differential expression and distribution of Kir5.1 and Kir4.1 inwardly rectifying K+ channels in retina

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (2) ◽  
pp. C260-C267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaru Ishii ◽  
Akikazu Fujita ◽  
Kaori Iwai ◽  
Shunji Kusaka ◽  
Kayoko Higashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Body ◽  
Müller Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Distal Portion ◽  
Acid Decarboxylase ◽  
Muller Cells ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Inwardly Rectifying ◽  
Specific Polyclonal Antibody

Kir5.1 is an inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunit whose functional role has not been fully elucidated. Expression and distribution of Kir5.1 in retina were examined with a specific polyclonal antibody. Kir5.1 immunoreactivity was detected in glial Müller cells and in some retinal neurons. In the Kir5.1-positive neurons the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) was detected, suggesting that they may be GABAergic-amacrine cells. In Müller cells, spots of Kir5.1 immunoreactivity distributed diffusely at the cell body and in the distal portions, where Kir4.1 immunoreactivity largely overlapped. In addition, Kir4.1 immunoreactivity without Kir5.1 was strongly concentrated at the endfoot of Müller cells facing the vitreous surface or in the processes surrounding vessels. The immunoprecipitant obtained from retina with anti-Kir4.1 antibody contained Kir5.1. These results suggest that heterotetrameric Kir4.1/Kir5.1 channels may exist in the cell body and distal portion of Müller cells, whereas homomeric Kir4.1 channels are clustered in the endfeet and surrounding vessels. It is possible that homomeric Kir4.1 and heteromeric Kir4.1/Kir5.1 channels play different functional roles in the K+-buffering action of Müller cells.

Some visual and neurochemical correlates of refractive development

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 125-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Laties ◽  
Richard A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Regulatory Pathway ◽  
Eye Growth ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Refractive Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Research Initiatives ◽  
Neurochemical Correlates

AbstractIncreasing evidence indicates that the retina takes part in the postnatal regulation of eye growth, functioning in this respect to minimize refractive error. The evidence derives both from clinical observations in man and from experiments in animals. The discovery that visual form deprivation leads to an axial overgrowth of the eye and to myopia has opened the way to many current research initiatives. Neurochemical and immunocytochemical experiments in chick and monkey suggest that definable retinal neurons participate in the regulatory pathway controlling eye growth. The most comprehensive data presently implicate dopaminergic amacrine cells. Other important issues to be addressed include the relevance of an intact connection to the central nervous system and the precise retinal mechanism by which eye growth is regulated.

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