An acidic water-soluble cell wall polysaccharide: a chemotaxonomic marker for Fusarium and Gibberella

Modification of cell wall polysaccharide in the plant plays an important role in response to fungi infection. However, the mechanism of fungi infection on cell wall modification need further clarification. In this study, the effects of Penicillium italicum inoculation on ‘shatangju’ mandarin disease development and the potential mechanism of cell wall polysaccharides modification caused by P. italicum were investigated. Compared to the control fruit, P. italicum infection modified the cell wall polysaccharides, indicated by water-soluble pectin (WSP), acid-soluble pectin (ASP), hemicellulose and lignin contents change. P. italicum infection enhanced the activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), and the expression levels of xyloglucanendotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and expansin, which might contribute to cell wall disassembly and cellular integrity damage. Additionally, higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via decreasing antioxidant metabolites and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) also contributed to the cell wall polysaccharides modification. Meanwhile, the gene expression levels of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) and germin-like protein (GLP) were inhibited by pathogen infection. Altogether, these findings suggested that cell wall degradation/modification caused by non-enzymatic and enzymatic factors was an important strategy for P. italicum to infect ‘shatangju’ mandarin.

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CAPSULATION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS WITH SOLUBLE CELL WALL-LIKE POLYSACCHARIDE

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.134.3.600 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 134 (3) ◽

pp. 600-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Gerald Schiffman ◽

Donald L. Bornstein ◽

Robert Austrian

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Capsular Polysaccharide ◽

Teichoic Acid ◽

Spontaneous Mutant ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽

Acid Moiety ◽

Single Strain ◽

Soluble Cell ◽

Soluble C ◽

Immunologic Analysis

Methods are described for the separation of the C or cell wall polysaccharide from the Cs or soluble C-like capsular polysaccharide of Cs pneumococcal strains. Immunologic analysis has shown that both the C and Cs polysaccharides of a variety of pneumococcal strains are heterogeneous and that the dissimilarities appear to reside in the mucopeptide portion of the molecule or in the region of its attachment to the teichoic acid moiety of the molecule rather than in the teichoic acid fraction. Differences of the type described have been observed in the C polysaccharides of wild-type capsulated strains of several types, in those of independently isolated noncapsulated variants derived from a single strain of a given capsular type, and in the C and Cs polysaccharides of spontaneous mutant or transformed strains of pneumococci producing capsules of Cs polysaccharide.

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Structural Properties and Macrophage Activation of Cell Wall Polysaccharides from the Fruiting Bodies of Hericium erinaceus

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym10080850 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 850

Author(s):

Di Wu ◽

Shan Yang ◽

Chuan Tang ◽

Yanfang Liu ◽

Qiaozhen Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Structural Properties ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Macrophage Activation ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽

Hericium Erinaceus ◽

Soluble Cell

In this study, water-soluble and alkali-soluble cell wall polysaccharides were obtained from fruiting body extracted residual micropowders of Hericium erinaceus, harvested at seven different growing stages. The structural properties and in vitro immunity activities of cell wall polysaccharides extracted successively by hot water and sodium hydroxide solution were studied, and the results indicated that the yield and content of polysaccharides increased during the reproductive growth stage and decreased with the maturity of the fruiting body. Water-soluble cell wall polysaccharides mainly composed of glucose and galactose at a molar ratio of 3.4–14:1.0, and also contained a small ratio of glucuronic acid. The alkali-soluble cell wall polysaccharides were glucans with lower molecular weight and higher macrophage activation activity in vitro than water-soluble ones. Our findings suggest that the growth stages (H4 and H5) are suitable for harvesting H. erinaceus fruiting bodies with higher cell wall polysaccharide yield and functional benefits.

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Structural characterization of a cell wall polysaccharide from Penicillium vermoesenii: chemotaxonomic application

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b99-046 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 77 (7) ◽

pp. 961-968 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oussama Ahrazem ◽

Begoña Gómez-Miranda ◽

Alicia Prieto ◽

Isabel Barasoaín ◽

Manuel Bernabé ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Nmr Spectra ◽

Glucuronic Acid ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Immunological Methods ◽

Wall Material ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽

Short Side ◽

H Nmr

The water-soluble polysaccharides (F1SS) obtained from the alkali extracts of the cell wall of two strains of Penicillium vermoesenii Biourge, Fusarium javanicum Koorders, Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo, and Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl represented 8.7 to 10.7% of the dry cell wall material. All polysaccharides were composed of galactose (22.0-27.4%), glucose (18.4-30.3%), mannose (7.8-23.1%), and glucuronic acid (3.0-6.0%, except in F. oxysporum that contained 16.8%). Methylation analysis and 1H-NMR spectra of the polysaccharides of these fungi were similar except for F. oxysporum, which showed a higher peak of glucuronic acid than of glucose. The chemical and structural analyses performed indicated that F1SS polysaccharides of the species studied have a skeleton of beta-(1–>6) galactofuranose, fully substituted at positions O-2 by a single residue of glucopyranose or by short side chains containing one glucuronic acid residue and beta-mannopyranose. This polysaccharide is linked to a mannose core consisting of a short chain of alpha-(1–>6)-linked D-mannopyranose. Immunological methods confirm the structural relatedness among these polysaccharides. No similarities were found with the 1H-NMR spectra of F1SS polysaccharides from other species of Penicillium or Gliocladium. These results show that P. vermoesenii is closer to the genus Fusarium than to Penicillium or Gliocladium.Key words: Penicillium vermoesenii, cell wall polysaccharides, chemotaxonomy, NMR, polyclonal antibodies.

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Reactivity of alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen of Coccidioides immitis with anti-Coccidioides immunoglobulin M precipitin antibody.

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.43.2.502-507.1984 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 502-507 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R A Cox ◽

M Huppert ◽

P Starr ◽

L A Britt

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Coccidioides Immitis ◽

Soluble Cell

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Cell Wall Polysaccharide Composition of Grafted ‘Liberty’ Watermelon With Reduced Incidence of Hollow Heart Defect

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.623723 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Marlee A. Trandel ◽

Suzanne Johanningsmeier ◽

Jonathan Schultheis ◽

Chris Gunter ◽

Penelope Perkins-Veazie

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Interspecific Hybrid ◽

Hollow Heart ◽

Placental Tissue ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharide ◽

Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽

Rhamnogalacturonan I ◽

Polysaccharide Composition

Grafting watermelon scions to interspecific squash hybrids has been found to increase fruit firmness. Triploid (seedless) watermelon are prone to hollow heart (HH), an internal fruit disorder characterized by a crack in the placental tissue expanding to a cavity. Although watermelon with lower tissue firmness tend to have a higher HH incidence, associated differences in cell wall polysaccharide composition are unknown. Grafting “Liberty” watermelon to “Carnivor” (interspecific hybrid rootstock, C. moschata × C. maxima) reduced HH 39% and increased tissue firmness by 3 N. Fruit with and without severe HH from both grafted and non-grafted plants were analyzed to determine differences in cell wall polysaccharides associated with grafting and HH. Alcohol insoluble residues (AIR) were sequentially extracted from placental tissue to yield water soluble (WSF), carbonate soluble (CSF), alkali soluble (ASF), or unextractable (UNX) pectic fractions. The CSF was lower in fruit with HH (24.5%) compared to those without HH (27.1%). AIRs were also reduced, hydrolyzed, and acetylated for GC-MS analysis of monosaccharide composition, and a portion of each AIR was methylated prior to hydrolysis and acetylation to produce partially methylated alditol acetates for polysaccharide linkage assembly. No differences in degree of methylation or galacturonic and glucuronic acid concentrations were found. Glucose and galactose were in highest abundance at 75.9 and 82.4 μg⋅mg–1 AIR, respectively, followed by xylose and arabinose (29.3 and 22.0 μg⋅mg–1). Mannose was higher in fruit with HH (p < 0.05) and xylose was highest in fruit from grafted plants (p < 0.05). Mannose is primarily found in heteromannan and rhamnogalacturonan I side chains, while xylose is found in xylogalacturonan or heteroxylan. In watermelon, 34 carbohydrate linkages were identified with galactose, glucose, and arabinose linkages in highest abundance. This represents the most comprehensive polysaccharide linkage analysis to date for watermelon, including the identification of several new linkages. However, total pectin and cell wall composition data could not explain the increased tissue firmness observed in fruit from grafted plants. Nonetheless, grafting onto the interspecific hybrid rootstock decreased the incidence of HH and can be a useful method for growers using HH susceptible cultivars.

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