Orienting in normal and pathological development

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary K. Rothbart ◽  
Michael I. Posner ◽  
John Rosicky
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Infant Behavior ◽  
Attentional Networks ◽  
Pathological Development ◽  
Important Form

AbstractThe term plasticity is often confined to changes due to learning. We believe, however, that the rapid lability of human behavior as different mental contents receive attention represents an important form of plasticity. Recent research in temperament and cognitive neuroscience provides an account of the development of a specific neural system involved in attentional self-regulation. In this paper, we concentrate on a network involved in orienting. We describe what is currently known about this network and its development during the first years of life. This network interacts with other attentional networks that come to control orienting to remembered events as well as those currently present. Orienting reflects processes that are both deeply biological and also open to cultural influences through learning. Attention is influenced by the current emotional state and is also important in achieving control over the emotional state. We present evidence on how learning influences eye position between 4 and 18 months of life and indicate influences of orienting on important aspects of infant behavior. Like any biological system, problems can arise in these mechanisms. We speculate on how individual differences in distress proneness and orienting may relate to the development of psychopathology.

Developing mechanisms of self-regulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL I. POSNER ◽  
MARY K. ROTHBART
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Reactive Systems ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Attentional Networks ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pathological Development ◽  
Design Systems

Child development involves both reactive and self-regulatory mechanisms that children develop in conjunction with social norms. A half-century of research has uncovered aspects of the physical basis of attentional networks that produce regulation, and has given us some knowledge of how the social environment may alter them. In this paper, we discuss six forms of developmental plasticity related to aspects of attention. We then focus on effortful or executive aspects of attention, reviewing research on temperamental individual differences and important pathways to normal and pathological development. Pathologies of development may arise when regulatory and reactive systems fail to reach the balance that allows for both self-expression and socially acceptable behavior. It remains a challenge for our society during the next millennium to obtain the information necessary to design systems that allow a successful balance to be realized by the largest possible number of children.

scholarly journals Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd F. Heatherton ◽  
Dylan D. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Self Regulation

scholarly journals МENTAL STATES AND THE PROBLEM OF SELF-REGULATION OF ELDERLY PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
N. Auyelbekova ◽  
◽  
N. Akhtaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Elderly Person ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Inner Experiences ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Research Analysis

The article touches upon the problem of self-regulation of mental states of the elderly. The features of the emotional state of elderly people are described. Variants of effective self-regulation are proposed, the causes of negative states and ways to overcome them are analyzed. Purpose of the research: analysis of the emotional state of people over 60 and a way to successfully overcome the internal crisis through self-regulation. The article describes the initial results of a study of 20 respondents. The total number is planned in the amount of 80 people, the methods used in the study are listed. The article identifies the fulcrum, thanks to which an elderly person can cope with his inner experiences and find peace and harmony

scholarly journals Developing Attention: Behavioral and Brain Mechanisms

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Posner ◽  
Mary K. Rothbart ◽  
Brad E. Sheese ◽  
Pascale Voelker
Keyword(s):  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Genetic Variations ◽  
Child Temperament ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Executive Attention ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Caregiver Behavior ◽  
Attentional Networks ◽  
Human Brain Development

Brain networks underlying attention are present even during infancy and are critical for the developing ability of children to control their emotions and thoughts. For adults, individual differences in the efficiency of attentional networks have been related to neuromodulators and to genetic variations. We have examined the development of attentional networks and child temperament in a longitudinal study from infancy (7 months) to middle childhood (7 years). Early temperamental differences among infants, including smiling and laughter and vocal reactivity, are related to self-regulation abilities at 7 years. However, genetic variations related to adult executive attention, while present in childhood, are poor predictors of later control, in part because individual genetic variation may have many small effects and in part because their influence occurs in interaction with caregiver behavior and other environmental influences. While brain areas involved in attention are present during infancy, their connectivity changes and leads to improvement in control of behavior. It is also possible to influence control mechanisms through training later in life. The relation between maturation and learning may allow advances in our understanding of human brain development.

scholarly journals Pedagogical self-efficacy of future music teachers: factors and ways of development

2017 ◽  
pp. 133-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. I. Kremeshna
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Music Teachers ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Future Teacher ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Future Teachers ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development

The article deals with the problem of pedagogical self-efficacy, which is closely related to the search for new ways to improve pedagogical activity, to increase the level of professionalism and competitiveness of the future teacher. The author investigates the essence of this concept, its role in the professional development of future teachers, determines the factors and mechanisms of development of pedagogical self-efficacy of future music teachers, in particular: previous experience of success and failures, observation of students’s observation of professional achievements of other people, verbal belief, physical and emotional state of personality, self-cognition as a futuremusic teacher, self-regulation, etc.

Cultural Variance and Invariance of Age Differences in Social Cognition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chu ◽  
Yang Fang ◽  
Vivian Hiu-Ling Tsang ◽  
Helene H. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
The One

Cognitive processing of social and nonsocial information changes with age. These processes range from the ones that serve “mere” cognitive functions, such as recall strategies and reasoning, to those that serve functions that pertain to self-regulation and relating to others. However, aging and the development of social cognition unfold in different cultural contexts, which may assume distinct social norms and values. Thus, the resulting age-related differences in cognitive and social cognitive processes may differ across cultures. On the one hand, biological aging could render age-related differences in social cognition universal; on the other hand, culture may play a role in shaping some age-related differences. Indeed, many aspects of cognition and social cognition showed different age and culture interactions, and this makes the study of these phenomena more complex. Future aging research on social cognition should take cultural influences into consideration.

Optoelectronic self-regulation neural system for treatment of vision information

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. Kozhemyako ◽  
Stepan Belan ◽  
Irina Savaliuk
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Neural System

scholarly journals Integrating Models of Self-Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-345
Author(s):  
Michael Inzlicht ◽  
Kaitlyn M. Werner ◽  
Julia L. Briskin ◽  
Brent W. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Human Functioning ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
The Many ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Self-regulation is a core aspect of human functioning that helps facilitate the successful pursuit of personal goals. There has been a proliferation of theories and models describing different aspects of self-regulation both within and outside of psychology. All of these models provide insights about self-regulation, but sometimes they talk past each other, make only shallow contributions, or make contributions that are underappreciated by scholars working in adjacent areas. The purpose of this article is to integrate across the many different models in order to refine the vast literature on self-regulation. To achieve this objective, we first review some of the more prominent models of self-regulation coming from social psychology, personality psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. We then integrate across these models based on four key elements—level of analysis, conflict, emotion, and cognitive functioning—specifically identifying points of convergence but also points of insufficient emphasis. We close with prescriptions for future research.

scholarly journals Cognitive maps influence over driving strategies in Russia: analyzing Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) and Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI) factors

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.I. Chetverikova ◽  
V.V. Ermolaev ◽  
O.N. Tkachenko
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Anger Expression ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
The Road ◽  
Driving Anger ◽  
Dangerous Driving ◽  
On The Road ◽  
First Time

This article summarizes our investigation of drivers cognitive maps and its influence over their behavior. 182 subjects participated in our research, i.e. 97 professional drivers, 85 car enthusiasts, 156 men and 26 women, 20—66 years old, mileage about 3—150 thousands kilometers per year. Questionnaire “Dula Dangerous Driving Index” was used on Russian subjects for the first time ever. Our results show that subjects’ need for get their rocks off when they are angered (or suspicious, or failed to trust the world around) and aggressive behavior during driving are correlated. Most drivers feel emotional tension during driving and use some self-regulation techniques to decrease the tension stabilize their emotional state. The following factors were found to correlate with one’s aggressive behavior on the road: feeling suspicious of world/self/others, low level of self-acceptance, external locus of control.

scholarly journals Integrating Models of Self-Regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Inzlicht ◽  
Kaitlyn M. Werner ◽  
Julia Leah Briskin ◽  
Brent Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Human Functioning ◽  
Vast Literature ◽  
The Many ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Self-regulation is a core aspect of human functioning that helps facilitate the successful pursuit of personal goals. There has been a proliferation of theories and models describing different aspects of self-regulation both within and outside of psychology. All of these models provide insights about self-regulation, but sometimes talk past each other, make only shallow contributions, or make contributions that are under-appreciated by scholars working in adjacent areas. The purpose of this article is to integrate across the many different models in order to refine the vast literature on self-regulation. To achieve this objective, we first review some of the more prominent models of self-regulation coming from social psychology, personality psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. We then integrate across these models based on four key elements—level of analysis, conflict, emotion, and cognitive functioning—specifically identifying points of convergence, but also points of insufficient emphasis. We close with prescriptions for future research.

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