Stress hormone levels of children of depressed mothers

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHARON B. ASHMAN ◽  
GERALDINE DAWSON ◽  
HERACLES PANAGIOTIDES ◽  
EMILY YAMADA ◽  
CHARLES W. WILKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Baseline Cortisol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Depressed Mothers ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Laboratory Stressor

Research suggests that disruptions in early caretaking can have long-term effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which mediates the stress response. Children of depressed mothers are at increased risk for developing internalizing problems in part because of disruptions in their caretaking environment. The present study investigated whether children of depressed mothers exhibit elevated salivary cortisol levels. Salivary cortisol samples were collected from 45 7- to 8-year-old children of mothers with a history of depression and 29 children of nondepressed mothers. Samples were collected soon after arrival to the laboratory and after a mild laboratory stressor and at home after wakeup and before bedtime. Children who had elevated levels of internalizing symptoms and whose mothers had a history of depression showed elevated laboratory baseline cortisol levels. Children who were reported to have clinically significant internalizing symptoms were also more likely to show an elevated stress response to a mild laboratory stressor. When the longitudinal history of maternal depression was examined, maternal depression during the child's first 2 years of life was the best predictor of elevations in baseline cortisol at age 7 years. This study provides evidence that internalizing symptoms exist in conjunction with a more reactive hormonal stress system in children of depressed mothers. The results also provide preliminary evidence that exposure to maternal depression in the first 2 years of life may be related to children's cortisol levels later in life.

Parental history of depression and higher basal salivary cortisol in unaffected child and adolescent offspring

2018 ◽  
Vol 234 ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihui Zhang ◽  
Siu Ping Lam ◽  
Shirley Xin Li ◽  
Yaping Liu ◽  
Joey Wing Yan Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Adolescent Offspring ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Unaffected Child

scholarly journals Parental history of depression or anxiety and the cortisol awakening response

2010 ◽  
Vol 197 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie A. Vreeburg ◽  
Catharina A. Hartman ◽  
Witte J. G. Hoogendijk ◽  
Richard van Dyck ◽  
Frans G. Zitman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Parental History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hpa Axis Dysregulation ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
State Factor ◽  
History Of Depression

BackgroundIt is unclear whether altered hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulation, which frequently accompanies depression and anxiety disorders, represents a trait rather than a state factor.AimsTo examine whether HPA axis dysregulation represents a biological vulnerability for these disorders, we compared cortisol levels in unaffected people with and without a parental history of depressive or anxiety disorders. We additionally examined whether possible HPA axis dysregulations resemble those observed in participants with depression or anxiety disorders.MethodData were from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Within the participants without a lifetime diagnoses of depression or anxiety disorders, three groups were distinguished: 180 people without parental history, 114 with self-reported parental history and 74 with CIDI-diagnosed parental history. These groups were additionally compared with people with major depressive disorder or panic disorder with agoraphobia (n = 1262). Salivary cortisol samples were obtained upon awakening, and 30, 45 and 60 min later.ResultsAs compared with unaffected participants without parental history, unaffected individuals with diagnosed parental history of depression or anxiety showed a significantly higher cortisol awakening curve (effect size (d) = 0.50), which was similar to that observed in the participants with depression or anxiety disorders. Unaffected people with self-reported parental history did not differ in awakening cortisol levels from unaffected people without parental history.ConclusionsUnaffected individuals with parental history of depression or anxiety showed a higher cortisol awakening curve, similar to that of the participants with depression or anxiety disorders. This suggests that a higher cortisol awakening curve reflects a trait marker, indicating an underlying biological vulnerability for the development of depressive and anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Infant emotion regulation strategy moderates the relation between maternal depressive symptomatology and infant HPA-Axis regulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Depressed Mothers ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Children of depressed mothers often have atypical cortisol levels. Child characteristics associated with emotion regulation difficulties moderate associations between maternal depression and child hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity. We hypothesize that infants of more depressed mothers who utilize more independent emotion regulation will have higher cortisol levels. Mother-infant dyads (N = 193) were recruited from the community. Maternal depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory II, infant regulation strategies were coded during a Toy Frustration Task, and cortisol was collected at baseline, 20, and 40 minutes after two challenges (Toy Frustration and Strange Situation). Results indicate that infant emotion regulation moderates associations between maternal depressive symptoms and infant total cortisol output (AUCG) and cortisol reactivity (AUCI), during the Toy Frustration task. Infants who used more independent regulation had elevated cortisol secretion. Associations were not replicated during the Strange Situation procedure. Findings are discussed in terms of adaptive emotional and physiological regulation.

Mama Tried: Contingent Responding to Distress Does Not Increase Rates of Real-time Soothing in Infants High in Negative Affect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaya de Barbaro ◽  
Priyanka Khante ◽  
Meeka Maier ◽  
Sherryl Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
The Real ◽  
Infant Distress ◽  
Affect Expression ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Time Sequences

Although maternal insensitivity, infant negative emotion expression, and maternal depression are consistently found to be associated, the processes by which these associations develop in the course of routine interactions are not well understood. To examine the processes by which these factors may become related, this paper characterizes the real-time sequences of mother and infant behaviors associated with infant soothing (or lack thereof) in mothers (n = 202) with a history of depression and their 3-month old infants. Analyses indicate that overall, maternal contingent responding to individual episodes of infant distress increases the likelihood of infant soothing in real-time. However, clustering analyses indicate that contingent responding does not significantly increase real-time soothing in infants who showed high negative affect expression.

scholarly journals Maternal depression and inflammation during pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1839-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen ◽  
Polina Girchenko ◽  
Rachel Robinson ◽  
Soili M. Lehto ◽  
Elena Toffol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Depression Diagnosis ◽  
Hypertensive Pregnancy ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Pregnancy Disorders

BackgroundMaternal depression during pregnancy increases the risk for adverse developmental outcomes in children. However, the underpinning biological mechanisms remain unknown. We tested whether depression was associated with levels of and change in the inflammatory state during pregnancy, if early pregnancy overweight/obesity or diabetes/hypertensive pregnancy disorders accounted for/mediated these effects, and if depression added to the inflammation that typically accompanies these conditions.MethodsWe analyzed plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and glycoprotein acetyls at three consecutive stages during pregnancy, derived history of depression diagnoses before pregnancy from Care Register for Healthcare (HILMO) (N = 375) and self-reports (N = 347) and depressive symptoms during pregnancy using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale completed concurrently to blood samplings (N = 295). Data on early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and diabetes/hypertensive pregnancy disorders came from medical records.ResultsHigher overall hsCRP levels, but not change, during pregnancy were predicted by history of depression diagnosis before pregnancy [HILMO: mean difference (MD) = 0.69 standard deviation (s.d.) units; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26–1.11, self-report: MD = 0.56 s.d.; 95% CI 0.17–0.94] and higher depressive symptoms during pregnancy (0.06 s.d. per s.d. increase; 95% CI 0.00–0.13). History of depression diagnosis before pregnancy also predicted higher overall glycoprotein acetyls (HILMO: MD = 0.52 s.d.; 95% CI 0.12–0.93). These associations were not explained by diabetes/hypertensive disorders, but were accounted for and mediated by early pregnancy BMI. Furthermore, in obese women, overall hsCRP levels increased as depressive symptoms during pregnancy increased (p = 0.006 for interaction).ConclusionsDepression is associated with a proinflammatory state during pregnancy. These associations are mediated by early pregnancy BMI, and depressive symptoms during pregnancy aggravate the inflammation related to obesity.

FC11-04 - Patterns of depression and trajectories of treatment over the perinatal period

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1873-1873
Author(s):  
A. Bowen ◽  
R. Bowen ◽  
N. Muhajarine
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

IntroductionPerinatal depression is an important problem with potentially deleterious health outcomes; however, we know little about the trajectories of depression and treatment.PurposeWe report the patterns of maternal depression and trajectories of treatment response in early and late pregnancy and during postpartum in 649 women recruited from the general population of pregnant women in Western Canada. Women who scored ≥ 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were classified as depressed.FindingsFifty-two percent of participants were primiparas, 90% were partnered, 83.3% Caucasian, 67% earn more than $40,000 per year, 90% completed high school, and 77% had planned pregnancy. The unadjusted prevalence of depression in early pregnancy (17 weeks) was 14%, late pregnancy (30 weeks) 11.5%, and postpartum (4.1 weeks) was 9.8%. All of the psychosocial factors measured - history of depression, mood instability, lack of social support, relationship problems, worry, and stressors heighten depression symptoms throughout parturition. Our practice of referring women who screened positive for depression changed prevalence rates of women who were depressed and in treatment. The number of women in treatment increased from 12.2% in early pregnancy to 24.8% at postpartum. Women were significantly more likely to get symptom relief counselling in pregnancy compared to psychotropic medication use in postpartum, with the exception of those women with history of depression and treatment engagement.SummaryIncreased understanding of the patterns and nature of maternal depression and treatment response is essential to early identification of women who are depressed and lead to treatment that is more effective.

scholarly journals SERUM-CORTISOL LEVELS IN SEVERITY OF STROKE

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshat Agarwal ◽  
Haroon Iqbaal
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Acute Stroke ◽  
Cortisol Level ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Introduction: Cortisol, an important hormone in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, has important effects on the metabolism of glucose, protein and lipid[i]. A stress response consists of increased levels of cortisol and catecholamines in the 1st weeks after acute stroke. The cortisol response has been observed in cerebral infarction as well as in intracerebral haemorrhage. Change in serum level of cortisol has been reported in patients with ischemic stroke and studies reported that high levels of this hormone are independently associated with increase in ischemic lesion volume. Also it has been observed that cortisol level in patients with ischemic stroke is associated with significantly increased mortality rate. Increase in the circulating levels of catecholamines was shown in insular damage in experimental stroke suggesting this as a mechanism for the cardiac complications associated with stroke. Patients and Methods: All patients were included in the study who was admitted within 6 hours in the hospital after the episode of stroke. Scandinavian Stroke Scale (SSS)[ii] was monitored in all patients from admission. SSS was performed every 2 hours in the first 24 hours, every 4 hours in the next 48 hours and then daily up to day 7. Blood samples were obtained for routine investigation and estimation of serum cortisol. No patients had blood samples drawn for cortisol determination between 01:00 and 07:00 am. Results: Mean age was observed in the current series was 72.8 ± 12.54 years. There were 34 (53.1%) male and 30(46.9%) female. SSS was observed to be 36 (21-47) on admission. History of hypertension, History of stroke, Diabetes mellitus and Atrial fibrillation was observed in 38(59.4%), 12(18.8%), 24(37.5%) and 11(17.2%) respectively. In univariate logistic regression analysis of the relations to 7 days of mortality, s-cortisol, SSS on admission, and pulse rate reached a significance level. Age, atrial fibrillation, blood glucose, body temperature 12 h after stroke onset, and the presence of early infarctions signs did not reach a significance level of 0.1 in univariate testing. S-cortisol level was higher in patients with insular involvement, 635 nmol/l, in comparison to patients without insular involvement, 589 nmol/l. Conclusion: Adrenal glucocorticoid stress response in acute stroke is harmful. High cortisol levels are associated with the poor outcome and mortality of the patients with stroke. Keywords: Cortisol, HPA, Stroke, SSS

scholarly journals Higher levels of salivary α-amylase predict failure of cessation efforts in male smokers

2010 ◽  
pp. 765-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dušková ◽  
K Šimůnková ◽  
M Hill ◽  
H Hruškovičová ◽  
P Hoskovcová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Smoking ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Cortisol Levels

The ability to predict the success or failure of smoking cessation efforts will be useful for clinical practice. Stress response is regulated by two primary neuroendocrine systems. Salivary cortisol has been used as a marker for the hypothalamuspituitary-adrenocortical axis and salivary α-amylase as a marker for the sympathetic adrenomedullary system. We studied 62 chronic smokers (34 women and 28 men with an average age of 45.2±12.9 years). The levels of salivary cortisol and salivary α-amylase were measured during the period of active smoking, and 6 weeks and 24 weeks after quitting. We analyzed the men separately from the women. The men who were unsuccessful in cessation showed significantly higher levels of salivary α-amylase over the entire course of the cessation attempt. Before stopping smoking, salivary cortisol levels were higher among the men who were unsuccessful in smoking cessation. After quitting, there were no differences between this group and the men who were successful in cessation. In women we found no differences between groups of successful and unsuccessful ex-smokers during cessation. In conclusions, increased levels of salivary αamylase before and during smoking cessation may predict failure to quit in men. On the other hand, no advantage was found in predicting the failure to quit in women. The results of our study support previously described gender differences in smoking cessation.

scholarly journals Infant emotion regulation strategy moderates the relation between maternal depressive symptomatology and infant HPA-Axis regulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Physiological Regulation ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Depressed Mothers ◽  
Cortisol Levels

Children of depressed mothers often have atypical cortisol levels. Child characteristics associated with emotion regulation difficulties moderate associations between maternal depression and child hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity. We hypothesize that infants of more depressed mothers who utilize more independent emotion regulation will have higher cortisol levels. Mother-infant dyads (N = 193) were recruited from the community. Maternal depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory II, infant regulation strategies were coded during a Toy Frustration Task, and cortisol was collected at baseline, 20, and 40 minutes after two challenges (Toy Frustration and Strange Situation). Results indicate that infant emotion regulation moderates associations between maternal depressive symptoms and infant total cortisol output (AUCG) and cortisol reactivity (AUCI), during the Toy Frustration task. Infants who used more independent regulation had elevated cortisol secretion. Associations were not replicated during the Strange Situation procedure. Findings are discussed in terms of adaptive emotional and physiological regulation.

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