Mama Tried: Contingent Responding to Distress Does Not Increase Rates of Real-time Soothing in Infants High in Negative Affect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaya de Barbaro ◽  
Priyanka Khante ◽  
Meeka Maier ◽  
Sherryl Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
The Real ◽  
Infant Distress ◽  
Affect Expression ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Time Sequences

Although maternal insensitivity, infant negative emotion expression, and maternal depression are consistently found to be associated, the processes by which these associations develop in the course of routine interactions are not well understood. To examine the processes by which these factors may become related, this paper characterizes the real-time sequences of mother and infant behaviors associated with infant soothing (or lack thereof) in mothers (n = 202) with a history of depression and their 3-month old infants. Analyses indicate that overall, maternal contingent responding to individual episodes of infant distress increases the likelihood of infant soothing in real-time. However, clustering analyses indicate that contingent responding does not significantly increase real-time soothing in infants who showed high negative affect expression.

Interaction between a history of depression and rumination on neural response to emotional faces

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1845-1855 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Thomas ◽  
R. Elliott ◽  
S. McKie ◽  
D. Arnone ◽  
D. Downey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
History Of ◽  
Consistent Picture ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
History Of Depression

BackgroundBoth past depressive episodes and the personality trait of depressive rumination are strong risk factors for future depression. Depression is associated with abnormal emotional processing, which may be a neurobiological marker for vulnerability to depression. A consistent picture has yet to emerge as to how a history of depression and the tendency to ruminate influence emotional processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between rumination, past depression and neural responses when processing face emotions.MethodThe Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS) was completed by 30 remitted depressives and 37 controls who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning while viewing happy, sad, fearful and neutral faces.ResultsThe remitted depressives showed overall reductions in neural responses to negative emotions relative to the controls. However, in the remitted depressives, but not the controls, RRS scores were correlated with increased neural responses to negative emotions and decreased responses to happiness in limbic regions.ConclusionsAutomatic emotion processing biases and rumination seem to be correlated to aspects of vulnerability to depression. However, remission from depression may be maintained by a general suppression of limbic responsiveness to negative emotion.

scholarly journals A Taxonomical Review of Multiplexer Designs for Electronic Circuits & Devices

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Malti Bansal ◽  
Harmandeep Singh ◽  
Gaurav Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Electronic Circuits ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Real ◽  
Digital Electronics ◽  
History Of

This research paper reviews and briefly discusses about the multiplexers and demultiplexers. This research paper aims to explore the history of multiplexers, types of multiplexers, applications and the real-time use cases of multiplexers. Furthermore, it also includes a brief introduction on the different multiplexing techniques employed in analog and digital electronics, ongoing research studies and future research scope for multiplexers.

scholarly journals Maternal depression and inflammation during pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1839-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Lahti-Pulkkinen ◽  
Polina Girchenko ◽  
Rachel Robinson ◽  
Soili M. Lehto ◽  
Elena Toffol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Depression Diagnosis ◽  
Hypertensive Pregnancy ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Pregnancy Disorders

BackgroundMaternal depression during pregnancy increases the risk for adverse developmental outcomes in children. However, the underpinning biological mechanisms remain unknown. We tested whether depression was associated with levels of and change in the inflammatory state during pregnancy, if early pregnancy overweight/obesity or diabetes/hypertensive pregnancy disorders accounted for/mediated these effects, and if depression added to the inflammation that typically accompanies these conditions.MethodsWe analyzed plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and glycoprotein acetyls at three consecutive stages during pregnancy, derived history of depression diagnoses before pregnancy from Care Register for Healthcare (HILMO) (N = 375) and self-reports (N = 347) and depressive symptoms during pregnancy using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale completed concurrently to blood samplings (N = 295). Data on early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and diabetes/hypertensive pregnancy disorders came from medical records.ResultsHigher overall hsCRP levels, but not change, during pregnancy were predicted by history of depression diagnosis before pregnancy [HILMO: mean difference (MD) = 0.69 standard deviation (s.d.) units; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26–1.11, self-report: MD = 0.56 s.d.; 95% CI 0.17–0.94] and higher depressive symptoms during pregnancy (0.06 s.d. per s.d. increase; 95% CI 0.00–0.13). History of depression diagnosis before pregnancy also predicted higher overall glycoprotein acetyls (HILMO: MD = 0.52 s.d.; 95% CI 0.12–0.93). These associations were not explained by diabetes/hypertensive disorders, but were accounted for and mediated by early pregnancy BMI. Furthermore, in obese women, overall hsCRP levels increased as depressive symptoms during pregnancy increased (p = 0.006 for interaction).ConclusionsDepression is associated with a proinflammatory state during pregnancy. These associations are mediated by early pregnancy BMI, and depressive symptoms during pregnancy aggravate the inflammation related to obesity.

FC11-04 - Patterns of depression and trajectories of treatment over the perinatal period

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1873-1873
Author(s):  
A. Bowen ◽  
R. Bowen ◽  
N. Muhajarine
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Treatment Response ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression

IntroductionPerinatal depression is an important problem with potentially deleterious health outcomes; however, we know little about the trajectories of depression and treatment.PurposeWe report the patterns of maternal depression and trajectories of treatment response in early and late pregnancy and during postpartum in 649 women recruited from the general population of pregnant women in Western Canada. Women who scored ≥ 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were classified as depressed.FindingsFifty-two percent of participants were primiparas, 90% were partnered, 83.3% Caucasian, 67% earn more than $40,000 per year, 90% completed high school, and 77% had planned pregnancy. The unadjusted prevalence of depression in early pregnancy (17 weeks) was 14%, late pregnancy (30 weeks) 11.5%, and postpartum (4.1 weeks) was 9.8%. All of the psychosocial factors measured - history of depression, mood instability, lack of social support, relationship problems, worry, and stressors heighten depression symptoms throughout parturition. Our practice of referring women who screened positive for depression changed prevalence rates of women who were depressed and in treatment. The number of women in treatment increased from 12.2% in early pregnancy to 24.8% at postpartum. Women were significantly more likely to get symptom relief counselling in pregnancy compared to psychotropic medication use in postpartum, with the exception of those women with history of depression and treatment engagement.SummaryIncreased understanding of the patterns and nature of maternal depression and treatment response is essential to early identification of women who are depressed and lead to treatment that is more effective.

Stress hormone levels of children of depressed mothers

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHARON B. ASHMAN ◽  
GERALDINE DAWSON ◽  
HERACLES PANAGIOTIDES ◽  
EMILY YAMADA ◽  
CHARLES W. WILKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Salivary Cortisol ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Baseline Cortisol ◽  
History Of ◽  
Depressed Mothers ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Laboratory Stressor

Research suggests that disruptions in early caretaking can have long-term effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which mediates the stress response. Children of depressed mothers are at increased risk for developing internalizing problems in part because of disruptions in their caretaking environment. The present study investigated whether children of depressed mothers exhibit elevated salivary cortisol levels. Salivary cortisol samples were collected from 45 7- to 8-year-old children of mothers with a history of depression and 29 children of nondepressed mothers. Samples were collected soon after arrival to the laboratory and after a mild laboratory stressor and at home after wakeup and before bedtime. Children who had elevated levels of internalizing symptoms and whose mothers had a history of depression showed elevated laboratory baseline cortisol levels. Children who were reported to have clinically significant internalizing symptoms were also more likely to show an elevated stress response to a mild laboratory stressor. When the longitudinal history of maternal depression was examined, maternal depression during the child's first 2 years of life was the best predictor of elevations in baseline cortisol at age 7 years. This study provides evidence that internalizing symptoms exist in conjunction with a more reactive hormonal stress system in children of depressed mothers. The results also provide preliminary evidence that exposure to maternal depression in the first 2 years of life may be related to children's cortisol levels later in life.

Theoretical Research of Measuring the Kinetic Energy for Swarm of Fragments with Six-Light-Screen Array

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1326-1329
Author(s):  
Hui Tian ◽  
Jin Ping Ni
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
The Real ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Position Indicator ◽  
Time Sequences

Aimed at the measurement of kinetic energy for swarm of flying fragments, a measuring method of kinetic energy for the flying fragment using six-light-screen array was presented in this paper. When a fragment pass through the six light screens, the six-time sequences, can be gathered in turn. Lots of fragments can generate some sequence of six-times. The algorithm that can distinguish the sequence from a group of sequences of time is put forward in this paper. According to the coordinates of fragment position on a position indicator as well as all the sequences of the fragments, the real time sequence can be distinguished and recognized. Then the real velocity and accurate location of the fragment can be calculated with the algorithm designed, and the kinetic energy of fragments can be measured. The algorithm is proved accurate and effective by the simulation.

scholarly journals Internet of Things (IoT) Authentication and Access Control by Hybrid Deep Learning Method - A Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-245
Author(s):  
Joy Iong Zong Chen ◽  
Kong-Long Lai
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
The Real ◽  
Intelligent Technique ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Future Direction

In the history of device computing, Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the fastest growing field that facing many security challenges. The effective efforts should have been made to address the security and privacy issues in IoT networks. The IoT devices are basically resource control device which provide routine attract impression for cyber attackers. The IoT participation nodes are increasing rapidly with more resource constrained that creating more challenging conditions in the real time. The existing methods provide an ineffective response to the tasks for effective IoT device. Also, it is an insufficient to involve the complete security and safety spectrum of the IoT networks. Because of the existing algorithms are not enriched to secure IoT bionetwork in the real time environment. The existing system is not enough to detect the proxy to the authorized person in the embedding devices. Also, those methods are believed in single model domain. Therefore, the effectiveness is dropping for further multimodal domain such as combination of behavioral and physiological features. The embedding intelligent technique will be securitizing for the IoT devices and networks by deep learning (DL) techniques. The DL method is addressing different security and safety problems arise in real time environment. This paper is highlighting hybrid DL techniques with Reinforcement Learning (RL) for the better performance during attack and compared with existing one. Also, here we discussed about DL combined with RL of several techniques and identify the higher accuracy algorithm for security solutions. Finally, we discuss the future direction of decision making of DL based IoT security system.

scholarly journals Anxiety-related frontocortical activity is associated with dampened stressor reactivity in the real world

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juyoen Hur ◽  
Manuel Kuhn ◽  
Shannon E. Grogans ◽  
Allegra S. Anderson ◽  
Samiha Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Real World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
The Real

ABSTRACTNegative affect is a fundamental dimension of human emotion. When extreme, it contributes to a variety of adverse outcomes—from physical and mental illness to divorce and premature death. Mechanistic work in animals and neuroimaging research in humans has begun to reveal the broad contours of the neural circuits governing negative affect, but the relevance of these discoveries to everyday distress remains incompletely understood. Here we used a combination of approaches—including neuroimaging assays of threat anticipation and perception, >10,000 momentary assessments of emotional experience, and large-scale automated analyses of regional connectivity and co-activation—to demonstrate that individuals showing greater activation in a cingulo-opercular circuit during an anxiety-eliciting laboratory paradigm experience lower levels of stressor-dependent distress in their daily lives. Subcortical activation was not significantly related to momentary negative affect. These observations provide a framework for understanding the neurobiology of negative affect in the laboratory and in the real world.STATEMENT OF RELEVANCEAnxiety, sadness, and other negative emotions are hallmarks of the human condition. When extreme, they contribute to a variety of adverse outcomes—from physical and mental illness to divorce and premature death—pointing to the need to develop a better understanding of the underlying brain circuitry. Recent work has begun to reveal the neural systems governing negative affect, but the relevance of these tantalizing laboratory discoveries to the real world has remained unclear. Here we used a combination of brain imaging and smartphone-based survey techniques to demonstrate that individuals evincing greater activation in a cingulo-opercular circuit during an anxiety-promoting laboratory task experienced reduced distress in the moments following exposure to daily stressors. These observations provide new insights into the brain systems most relevant to negative emotion in everyday life, underscoring the importance of more recently evolved cortical association areas.

scholarly journals Associations Between Specific Negative Emotions and DSM-5 PTSD Among a National Sample of Interpersonal Trauma Survivors

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1620-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christal L. Badour ◽  
Heidi S. Resnick ◽  
Dean G. Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Interpersonal Trauma ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
New Criterion

The diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has undergone several significant changes corresponding with the recent implementation of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5). Many of these changes reflect a growing recognition that PTSD is characterized by a wide range of negative affective experiences that were underrepresented in prior conceptualizations of the disorder. The present study examined the prevalence and correlates of a new Criterion D symptom (D4-Negative Affect), which is aimed at assessing subjective problems with persistent negative emotion states (e.g., fear, anger, shame, guilt, horror) among a sample of 1,522 U.S. adults with a history of interpersonal trauma recruited from a national online panel. The prevalence of D4-Negative Affect was very high among individuals with assault-related PTSD (AR-PTSD) and in particular, was significantly higher than among PTSD negative individuals. Moreover, specific problems with anger, shame, and fear were significantly and uniquely associated with AR-PTSD. Important differences also emerged as a function of gender and interpersonal trauma history. These findings provide initial empirical support for the expanded emphasis on assessing a wide range of negative affective experiences that may be associated with PTSD in DSM-5.

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