ADORNMENT AND IDENTITY

1999 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilean Isel Isaza Aizpurúa ◽  
Patricia A. McAnany
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Late Formative ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Shell Beads ◽  
Maya Site ◽  
Middle Formative ◽  
Early Late ◽  
Insight Into

Excavations in Formative and Early Classic contexts at the Maya site of K'axob have produced a sample of 2,568 worked-shell ornaments crafted from both marine and freshwater species. Predominantly shell beads, the sample also includes unique pendants, figurines, and tinklers. A high frequency of unfinished beads in Middle Formative and early Late Formative midden contexts provides strong evidence of localized shell working and trading connections with the Caribbean. Personal adornment crafted from shell is an important item in many burials, including those of children. The most lavish disposal of shell, however, occurs in one of the earliest Middle Formative interments at K'axob. An adult male—who may have been a “founder” of K'axob—was buried with 2,019 shell beads. Through time, fewer individuals were buried with worked shell as the intricacy of shell working became more elaborate and possibly iconic of roles of authority. Interpretation of archaeological patterns indicates that shell beads can provide significant insight into the construction of social identities.

Flakes to Blades? Middle Formative Development of Obsidian Artifacts in the Upper Belize River Valley

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Awe ◽  
Paul F. Healy
Keyword(s):  
Formative Period ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Maya Lowlands ◽  
Documented Case ◽  
Belize River Valley ◽  
Late Formative ◽  
Maya Site ◽  
Middle Formative ◽  
Artifact Type

The recovery of obsidian artifacts in radiometrically dated cultural stratigraphic levels at the Maya site of Cahal Pech (Belize) suggests that there was a flake-to-bladelet sequence of development of obsidian technology in the Belize Valley region of the Maya lowlands. Obsidian artifacts within levels dating to the first half of the early Middle Formative period (1000-850 B.C.) at Cahal Pech consist exclusively of flakes. Prismatic blades first occur in late Middle Formative (650-450 B.C.) levels, and remain the predominant artifact type throughout the subsequent Late Formative and Classic periods. This Middle Formative transition in obsidian artifacts has been recorded elsewhere in Mesoamerica, but the Cahal Pech data represent the first explicitly documented case of the developmental sequence in the central Maya lowlands.

The Chronology of Yaxuna

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Suhler ◽  
Traci Ardren ◽  
David Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ancient Maya ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
Maya Lowlands ◽  
Terminal Classic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Formative ◽  
Middle Formative

AbstractResearch at the ancient Maya city of Yaxuna, located in the heart of the Yucatan Peninsula, has provided sufficient data to suggest a preliminary chronological framework for the cultural development of this large polity. Primary ceramic and stratigraphie data are presented to support a five-phase scheme of cultural history, encompassing the Middle Formative through Postclassic periods (500 b.c.–a.d. 1250). In addition to chronological significance, the political ramifications of a pan-lowland ceramic trade are addressed. Yaxuna experienced an early florescence in the Late Formative–Early Classic periods, when it was the largest urban center in the central peninsula. A second renaissance in the Terminal Classic period was the result of Yaxuna's role in an alliance between the Puuc and Coba, in opposition to growing Itza militancy. This paper proposes a chronological framework for the cultural development of one northern Maya region in order to facilitate an understanding of this area as part of the overall history of polity interaction and competition in the Maya lowlands.

Spotlight: 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Petrie ◽  
Clara García-Millán ◽  
María Mercedes Mateo-Berganza Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
21St Century ◽  
21St Century Skills ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Development Bank ◽  
Learning Context ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Insight Into

There is a wealth of conversation around the world today on the future of the workplace and the skills required for children to thrive in that future. Without certain core abilities, even extreme knowledge or job-specific skills will not be worth much in the long run. To address these issues, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and HundrED conducted this Spotlight project with the goal of identifying and researching leading innovations that focus on 21st Century Skills in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Spotlight program was supported by J.P. Morgan. The purpose of this project is to shine a spotlight, and make globally visible, leading education innovations from Latin America and the Caribbean doing exceptional work on developing 21st Century Skills for all students, teachers, and leaders in schools today. The main aims of this Spotlight are to: Discover the leading innovations cultivating 21st century skills in students globally; understand how schools or organizations can implement these innovations; gain insight into any required social or economic conditions for these innovations to be effectively introduced into a learning context; celebrate and broadcast these innovations to help them spread to new countries. All the findings of the Spotlight in 21st Century Skills are included in this report.

Polychaete palaeoecology in an early Late Ordovician marine astrobleme of Sweden

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATS E. ERIKSSON ◽  
ÅSA M. FRISK
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Crater Floor ◽  
Drill Core ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Composition Characteristic ◽  
Post Impact ◽  
Early Late

AbstractThe post-impact Dalby Limestone (Kukruse; Upper Ordovician) of the Tvären crater, southeastern Sweden, has been analysed with regards to polychaetes, as represented by scolecodonts. A palaeoecological succession is observed in the Tvären-2 drill core sequence, as the vacant ecospace was successively filled by a range of benthonic, nektonic and planktonic organisms. Scolecodonts belong to the first non-planktonic groups to appear and constitute one of the most abundant fossil elements. The polychaete assemblage recorded has an overall composition characteristic of that of the Upper Ordovician of Baltoscandia. Oenonites, Vistulella, Mochtyella and the enigmatic ‘Xanioprion’ represent the most common genera, whereas Pteropelta, Protarabellites?, Atraktoprion and Xanioprion are considerably more rare. The assemblage differs from coeval ones particularly in its poorly represented ramphoprionid fauna and the relatively high frequency of ‘Xanioprion’. A taxonomic succession and changes in abundance and relative frequency of different taxa is observed from the deepest part of the crater and upwards towards more shallow water environments. The initial post-impact assemblage does not, however, necessarily represent a benthonic colonization of the crater floor. Instead it seems to be a taphocoenosis, as indicated by its taxonomic correspondence to the rim facies fauna recovered from Dalby Limestone erratics of the Ringsön island. The Tvären succession has yielded considerably richer scolecodont assemblages than hitherto recorded from the approximately coeval Lockne crater, possibly as a consequence of shallower water settings in the former area.

POTTERY TRADE AND THE FORMATION OF EARLY AND MIDDLE FORMATIVE STYLE HORIZONS AS SEEN FROM CENTRAL MEXICO

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley D. Stoner ◽  
Deborah L. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Petrographic Analysis ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Late Formative ◽  
Middle Formative ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Distance Interaction ◽  
Early Formative

AbstractWe explore the relationship between long-distance pottery trade and the formation of Early and Middle Formative style horizons in Mesoamerica. A sample of 1,154 ceramics mostly from Early and Middle Formative contexts in the central Mexican highlands was irradiated at the University of Missouri Research Reactor with a subsample (n = 313) for petrographic analysis. We conclude that: (1) most sites and regions display more than one process for making pottery; (2) there is a small amount of intraregional exchange among central Mexican sites, with the southeastern Basin of Mexico making the largest portion of pottery intended for trade within the region; and (3) interregional imports found at several sites likely come from the metamorphic region of southwestern Puebla with smaller numbers imported from the southern Gulf Coast, Morelos, and possibly Oaxaca. The trend over time from Early Formative to the end of the Middle Formative is one of decreasing intensity of long-distance interaction and decreasing geographic range of trade. These two trends contribute to the regional divergence of ceramic styles that peaks by the Late Formative in Mesoamerica.

scholarly journals On High Frequency Polar Motion and Length of Day Variations

2000 ◽  
Vol 178 ◽  
pp. 545-554
Author(s):  
K. Arfa-Kaboodvand ◽  
E. Groten
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Spectrum ◽  
Earth Rotation ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Length Of Day ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Earth Orientation ◽  
Tidal Forces ◽  
Diurnal Range ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe 0.042-day Earth rotation data (diurnal and semidiurnal) computed by the International GPS Service were used to analyze the daily/sub-daily variations of polar motion (PM) and length of day (LOD). Systematic and advanced spectral analytical investigations of the degree of periodic variability have been carried out. They show that the prominent periodical components can be found at the tidal frequencies of zonal, tesseral and sectorial waves. These investigations should give better insight into the physical processes, which influence Earth orientation (i.e. due to the atmospheric and oceanic motions, tidal forces etc.). It should be the basis for the detailed modeling of excitation functions in the sub-diurnal range of the high-frequency spectrum.

Insight into large-scale topography on analysis of high-frequency Rayleigh waves

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Ping ◽  
Risheng Chu ◽  
Jiajun Chong ◽  
Sidao Ni ◽  
Yu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Rayleigh Waves ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Insight Into

WORKING WITH CLAY

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Joyce ◽  
Julia A. Hendon ◽  
Jeanne Lopiparo
Keyword(s):  
Communities Of Practice ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Craft Production ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
North Central ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractEvidence from sites in the lower Ulua valley of north-central Honduras, occupied betweena.d.500 and 1000, provides new insight into the connections between households, craft production, and the role of objects in maintaining social relations within and across households. Production of pottery vessels, figurines, and other items in a household context has been documented at several sites in the valley, including Cerro Palenque, Travesía, Campo Dos, and Campo Pineda. Differences in raw materials, in what was made, and in the size and design of firing facilities allow us to explore how crafting with clay created communities of practice made up of people with varying levels of knowledge, experience, and skill. We argue that focusing on the specific features of a particular craft and the crafter's perspective gives us insight into the ways that crafting contributed to the reproduction of social identities, local histories, and connections among members of communities of practice who comprised multicrafting households.

Sea Fishing at Salango (Manabí Province, Ecuador) During the Middle Formative Machalilla Phase

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Béarez ◽  
Patrick Gay ◽  
Richard Lunniss
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Tuna Fishing ◽  
Late Formative ◽  
Fish Remains ◽  
Middle Formative

AbstractFormative Ecuadorian coastal societies possessed the technologies and skills necessary not only for fishing, but also for deep-sea navigation. Although marine shellfish are acknowledged as significant both for dietary and religious purposes, the importance of sea-fishing is rarely highlighted or explored. In order to help evaluate more fully the significance of the sea in the Ecuadorian Formative, this paper presents recently studied evidence, excavated at the Salango site, in the Province of Manabí, for local off-shore tuna fishing during the Middle Formative Machalilla phase (ca. 1500–900 B.C.), where Scombrids constituted 80 percent of recovered fish remains. The results are then compared with those obtained from other Machalilla sites. Finally, data from the subsequent Late Formative Engoroy phase (ca. 900–100 B.C.) indicate that while Scombrid fishing continued to predominate at Salango, species capture changed through time, with a shift from yellowfin tuna in the Machalilla phase to black skipjacks in Engoroy times. It is suggested that the decline in tuna capture reflects not so much change in fishing strategy as change in the populations of fish species reaching the local marine environment.

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