scholarly journals Dietary habits in the endangered Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus from Upper Pleistocene to modern times in Spain: a paleobiological conservation perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTONI MARGALIDA ◽  
ANA B. MARÍN-ARROYO

SummaryAlthough most Old World vulture species are declining or threatened in Asia and Africa, in Europe healthy vulture populations still exist. However, recent application of sanitary legislation that has greatly reduced the availability of animal carcasses is now a concern for conservationists. Until now, no studies have been undertaken to determine long-term dietary shifts in these species in Europe, but such studies are essential to optimising the resources invested in conservation and to anticipating the ecological needs of the target species. Here, we present a first attempt to examine the dietary variation in the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus from the late Pleistocene to the present day. Medium-size wild ungulates such as southern chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica, Spanish ibex Capra pyrenaica, red deer Cervus elaphus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus dominate the diet during the Pleistocene supporting the hypothesis that Bearded Vulture distribution was largely determined by the presence of such species. On the contrary, domestic species, such as sheep Ovis aries and goat Capra hircus, are the most common taxa in the diet in modern and historic periods. The actual dependence of the species on livestock, along with a restrictive sanitary legislation, threaten the conservation of this and other endangered avian scavengers in Europe. This new paleobiological conservation perspective confirms that efforts to establish a self-sustaining Bearded Vulture population should be enhanced by the widespread availability of medium-sized wild ungulates and by the presence of extensive and traditional grazing practices.

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1144-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta Fajardo ◽  
Isabel González ◽  
Inés López-Calleja ◽  
Irene Martín ◽  
Pablo E. Hernández ◽  
...  

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (10) ◽  
pp. 1111-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryline Pioz ◽  
Anne Loison ◽  
Philippe Gibert ◽  
Jean-Michel Jullien ◽  
Marc Artois ◽  
...  

Microbial infections that affect reproduction are poorly studied in wildlife because reproductive disorders usually go unnoticed. However, such infections are a major concern in domestic ungulates, which raises the question of their influence on reproductive success and population dynamics of wild ungulates. Three bacterial abortive infections are frequent in domestic ruminants: salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis, enzootic abortion caused by Chlamydophila abortus , and Q fever caused by Coxiella burnetii . They induce abortions and neonatal mortality in sheep ( Ovis aries L., 1758), goat ( Capra hircus L., 1758), and cattle ( Bos taurus L., 1758). However, little information is known about these bacteria in wild ungulates, particularly in mountain ungulates that may share alpine pastures with infected domestic ruminants. We investigated the relationship between female serological status against Salmonella, Chlamydophila, and Coxiella and her reproductive success. From 1986 to 2003, the reproductive and serological statuses of 125 female chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra (L., 1758)) aged 2–10 years were available. Reproductive success was the lowest for 2-year-old females and for females born at the highest density. Moreover, we showed for the first time in a wild ungulate population that females with high titer in antibodies against Salmonella experienced a decrease in their reproductive success. Titers in antibodies against Chlamydophila and Coxiella were not related to the reproductive success of female chamois.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 19338-19351
Author(s):  
Ehab Eid ◽  
David Mallon

Twelve species of ungulates are reported from the wild in Jordan. Three of these, Addax nasomaculatus (Addax), Bos primigenius (Aurochs), and Cervus elaphus (Red Deer) are known only from archaeological excavations. Dama mesopotamica (Mesopotamian Fallow Deer), Oryx leucoryx (Arabian Oryx) and Equus hemionus hemippus (Syrian Wild Ass) have been regionally extirpated in the wild. A semi-captive population of Persian Onager (E. h. hemionus) is held in Shumari Wildlife Reserve. The Arabian Oryx is also managed in semi-captive conditions in two reserves. Except the commonly occurring Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), other surviving ungulate species continue to be under serious threat. Gazella gazella (Palestinian Mountain Gazelle), Capreolus capreolus (European Roe Deer), Gazella marica (Arabian Sand Gazelle), and Gazella dorcas (Dorcas Gazelle) are Critically Endangered, and Capra nubiana (Nubian Ibex) is Endangered in the region. This paper provides a review of the historical and current status of wild ungulates in Jordan, listing the threats and conservation measures and provides recommendations for management and conservation in the future.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaia Moore-Jones ◽  
Flurin Ardüser ◽  
Salome Dürr ◽  
Stefanie Gobeli Brawand ◽  
Adrian Steiner ◽  
...  

AbstractFootrot is a worldwide economically important, painful, contagious bacterial hoof disease of domestic and wild ungulates caused by Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus). Benign and virulent strains have been identified in sheep presenting mild and severe lesions, respectively. However, in Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) both strains have been associated with severe, fatal lesions. In Switzerland a nationwide footrot control program for sheep focusing on the virulent strain shall soon be implemented. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the nationwide prevalence of both strains of D. nodosus in four wild indigenous ruminant species and to identify potential susceptible maintenance hosts that could be a reinfection source for sheep. During two years (2017-2018), interdigital swabs of 1,821 wild indigenous ruminants species (Alpine ibex; Alpine chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra; roe deer, Capreolus capreolus; red deer, Cervus elaphus) were analysed by Real-Time PCR. Furthermore, observed interspecies interactions were documented for each sample. Overall, we report a low prevalence of D. nodosus in all four indigenous wild ruminants, for both the benign (1.97%, N = 36, of which 31 red deer) and virulent (0.05%, N = 1) strain of D. nodosus. Footrot lesions were documented in one ibex with the virulent strain, and in one ibex with the benign strain. Interactions with domestic livestock occurred mainly with cattle and sheep. In conclusion, the data suggest that domestic ungulates represent a significant source of infection for wild ungulates, while wild ruminants are likely irrelevant for the maintenance and spread of D. nodosus. Furthermore, we add evidence that both D. nodosus strains can be associated with severe disease in Alpine ibex. These data are crucial for the upcoming nationwide control program and reveal that wild ruminants should not be considered as a threat to footrot control in sheep in this context.


Author(s):  
Laura Portas ◽  
Stefania Bagella ◽  
Vittorio Farina ◽  
Marcella Carcupino ◽  
Antonio Cacchioli ◽  
...  

This paper presents the results of the zooarchaeological analysis of the faunal materials brought to light during the excavations set up in the Nuragic village surrounding the Santu Antine Nuraghe, near Torralba (Sassari), Sardinia. Precisely, the remains come from the structure of the village named by archaeologists hut 12. They are 779 specimens out of thousands animal remains from the whole archaeological site. The majority of the rests belong to sheep (<em>Ovis aries</em>) or goats (<em>Capra hircus</em>), cattle (<em>Bos taurus</em>), pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) and deers (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>). Such material may provide suggestions about the productive use of animals in the village and point out the importance of the economical management of animals in the Nuragic society. Indeed, many remains show signs with human origin, which testify that the hut may have been a workplace where bone fragments were processed to obtain different kind of tools.


Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Carlos Sacristán ◽  
Knut Madslien ◽  
Irene Sacristán ◽  
Siv Klevar ◽  
Carlos G. das Neves

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), a major cause of viral hepatitis worldwide, is considered an emerging foodborne zoonosis in Europe. Pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) and wild boars (S. scrofa) are recognized as important HEV reservoirs. Additionally, HEV infection and exposure have been described in cervids. In Norway, HEV has been identified in pigs and humans; however, little is known regarding its presence in wild ungulates in the country. We used a species-independent double-antigen sandwich ELISA to detect antibodies against HEV in the sera of 715 wild ungulates from Norway, including 164 moose (Alces alces), 186 wild Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), 177 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 86 European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and 102 muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). The overall seroprevalence was 12.3% (88/715). Wild reindeer had the highest seropositivity (23.1%, 43/186), followed by moose (19.5%, 32/164), muskoxen (5.9%, 6/102), and red deer (4%, 7/177). All roe deer were negative. According to our results, HEV is circulating in wild ungulates in Norway. The high seroprevalence observed in wild reindeer and moose indicates that these species may be potential reservoirs of HEV. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of HEV exposure in reindeer from Europe and in muskoxen worldwide.


2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
Marcin Warchałowski ◽  
Piotr Nowakowski ◽  
Andrzej Dancewicz

Abstract Relations between climatic factors during the winter season (n days with frost <0oC and −10oC; n days with snow cover: >1 cm, >10 cm and >30 cm; maximum snow cover during season [cm]) and mortality in free-living ungulates (red deer Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758, roe deer Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758 and mouflon Ovis aries musimon Linnaeus, 1758) in the Owl Mountains (Lower Silesia – Poland) in years 1998–2010 were investigated. Significant effects of all analysed climatic factors on ungulates mortality were documented. Correlations (Pearson) between such weather factors as the depth of snow cover and number of days with frost and recorded mortality in total animal populations analysed ranged from r = 0.33 to r = 0.77. The least adapted to local weather conditions was mouflon introduced to this area ca. 100 years ago from more southern parts of Europe. Roe deer species seems to be environmentally plastic, and are doing quite well in severe winters. Tolerance of red deer to the snow cover is much lower at low temperatures due to the fact that this species, during the period of snow cover, has limited access to the plants covered with snow and difficult access to food base.


2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Carrau ◽  
Carlos Martínez-Carrasco ◽  
María Magdalena Garijo ◽  
Francisco Alonso ◽  
Luis León Vizcaíno ◽  
...  

Abstract The epidemiology behind multi-host/multi-parasite systems is particularly interesting to investigate for a better understanding of the complex dynamics naturally occurring in wildlife populations. We aimed to approach the naturally occurring polyparasitism of gastrointestinal nematodes in a sympatric wild ruminant scenario present in south-east Spain. To this end, the gastrointestinal tract of 252 wild ruminants of four different species (red deer, Cervus elaphus; mouflon, Ovis aries musimon; Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica and fallow deer, Dama dama) were studied in Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park (Andalusia, Spain). Of the analysed animals, 81.52% were positive for parasite infection and a total of 29 nematode species were identified. Out of these, 25 species were detected in at least two host species and 11 parasitized all ruminant species surveyed. The multi-host interaction between these nematodes and the four host species is discussed under the perspective of host family-based differences.


2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ελένη Σαμαρτζίδου

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η ανάλυση του ζωοαρχαιολογικού υλικού του λιμναίου νεολιθικού οικισμού του Δισπηλιού. Συγκεκριμένες κατηγορίες οστών καταγράφηκαν, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι μέθοδοι ποσοτικοποίησης NISP, MinAU και MNI για την ποσοτικοποίηση του υλικού, ο ταξινομικός προσδιορισμός έγινε με άτλαντες και εργαστηριακές συλλογές. Όσον αφορά την ταφονομική ιστορία των οστών, ελέγχθηκε η αντιπροσωπευτικότητα του δείγματος βάσει του τρόπoυ ανάκτησής του, καταγράφηκε η επικάλυψή τους με ιζήματα, τα σημάδια βρώσης από άλλα ζώα, η κατάσταση διατήρησης τους, το χρώμα τους, τα αποτυπώματα ριζών, η καύση και η θραύση τους. Όσον αφορά στην εκμετάλλευση των κουφαριών των ζώων από τον άνθρωπο, παρουσιάστηκε η ανατομική τους αντιπροσώπευση, η οποία συσχετίστηκε με τη διατροφική χρησιμότητα των μερών των κουφαριών, υπολογίστηκε η ποσότητα κρέατος που καταναλώθηκε με βάση το δείγμα, καταγράφηκαν τα σημάδια σφαγής, εκδοράς, διαμελισμού και τεμαχισμού των οστών, διερευνήθηκε η εκμετάλλευση του μυελού και λίπους των οστών βάσει της μορφολογίας θραύσης τους. Τέλος, τα οστέινα εργαλεία παρουσιάζονται εν συντομία και συσχετίζονται με το υπόλοιπο οστεολογικό υλικό. Η διαχείριση των ζώων διερευνήθηκε ως εξής: αρχικά, διαχωρίστηκαν βάσει των μετρήσεων τα ήμερα, άγρια και πιθανώς ημι-άγρια άτομα συγκεκριμένων ειδών, διακρίθηκε το αρσενικό και θηλυκό φύλο με μορφολογικά κριτήρια και με μετρήσεις, υπολογίστηκε η ηλικία θανάτωσης των ειδών βάσει των γνάθων και του μετακρανιακού υλικού των ζώων, καταγράφηκαν και ερμηνεύτηκαν τα παθολογικά χαρακτηριστικά των οστών. Επιπλέον, διερευνήθηκε η εποχικότητα εκμετάλλευσης των ζώων βάσει της ηλικίας θανάτωσής τους. Συγκεκριμένα, στην παρούσα εργασία καταγράφηκαν συνολικά 74.190 οστά, από τα οποία τα 27.512 (37%) προσδιορίστηκαν σε επίπεδο είδους ζώου ή μέρους του σκελετού. Η σημασία της ήμερης πανίδας είναι φανερή σε όλες τις φάσεις κατοίκησης, ενώ παρουσιάζεται μια σταδιακή αύξηση της άγριας πανίδας προς τις μεταγενέστερες φάσεις. Aνάμεσα στα ήμερα είδη το πρόβατο (Ovis aries) είναι το πιο συχνό είδος, ακολουθούμενο από το χοίρο (Sus domesticus), το βόδι (Bos taurus), την αίγα (Capra hircus) και το σκύλο (Canis familiaris). Η παρουσία των οστών ιπποειδών χρήζει περαιτέρω διερεύνησης. Ανάμεσα στα άγρια είδη, το κόκκινο ελάφι (Cervus elaphus) και το ζαρκάδι (Capreolus capreolus) υπερέχουν αριθμητικά, ενώ ο αγριόχοιρος (Sus scrofa) και ο λαγός (Lepus capensis) ακολουθούν. Τα λιγότερο συχνά είδη είναι τα εξής: το άγριο βόδι (Bos primigenius), η αλεπού (Vulpes vulpes), η καφέ αρκούδα (Ursus arctos), ο ασβός (Meles meles), η ενυδρίδα (Lutra lutra), το πετροκούναβο (Martes foina), ο σκίουρος (Sciurus vulgaris), ο σκαντζόχοιρος (Erinaceus europaeus). Καταγράφηκαν και οστά από πτηνά, από χελώνα, από τρωκτικά/εντομοφάγα και από τις οικογένειες Ranidae και Bufonidae. Τα ήμερα βόδια εκτρέφονταν για το κρέας και το γάλα τους, ενώ δεν υπάρχει καμία παθολογική ένδειξη που να δείχνει ότι χρησιμοποιούνταν συστηματικά σε σκληρές εργασίες. Οι χοίροι θανατώνονταν για το κρέας και το λίπος τους. Τα αιγοπρόβατα τα εκμεταλλεύονταν για το κρέας, το γάλα και το μαλλί/τρίχα με μια έμφαση στην παραγωγή κρέατος. Η ηλικία θανάτωσης των ελαφοειδών δείχνει μια στόχευση σε νεαρά ενήλικα άτομα. Η επιλογή των μερών των σφαγίων φαίνεται ότι αποσκοπούσε στην εξασφάλιση της μεγαλύτερης δυνατής ποσότητας κρέατος. Η θραύση των οστών για την εξαγωγή μυελού ήταν πιο εντατική στα βόδια παρά στα αιγοπρόβατα και στους χοίρους, ενώ υπήρχε μια προτίμηση για την εξαγωγή μυελού από ώριμα άτομα. Το υλικό του Δισπηλιού δε διαφοροποιείται από τα υπόλοιπα ζωοαρχαιολογικά υλικά της ίδιας εποχής του ελλαδικού χώρου, ενώ αντιθέτως παρουσιάζει σημαντικές διαφορές σε σχέση με τα υλικά των Βαλκανίων και των λιμναίων οικισμών της Κεντρικής Ευρώπης.


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