The First Millennium bc: Temple Enclosure or Urban Citadel?

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Barry Kemp
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
The South ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
First Millennium Bc ◽  
The City ◽  
Frequent Reference

The first millennium bc brought warfare to the interior of Egypt on a significant scale. We have two vivid records, one written and the other pictorial. The former is a first-person narrative of the Napatan (Sudanese) king Piankhy who, having gained control of the south of Egypt, embarked in 730 bc on a methodical subjugation of the rest of the country, then under the rule of several local families. During the seemingly irresistible northward progress of his army Piankhy makes frequent reference to walls with battlements and gates which could be countered with siege towers/battering rams and the erection of earthen ramps, although Piankhy himself preferred the tactic of direct storming. Within the circuit of these walls lay treasuries and granaries and, in the case of the city of Hermopolis in Middle Egypt, the palace of the local king Nemlut together with its stables for horses.

Waqf inscription from Ramla c. 300/912–13

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Moshe Sharon
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Secondary Usage ◽  
Water Canals ◽  
The City

In the 1994 season of the excavations in Ramla, archaeologist Don Glick, digging on behalf of Israel Antiquities Authority, exposed in a field on the eastern part of the city, some 600 m. to the south east of Birkat al-ՙAnaziyya, a complex of water installations consisting of two small basins or troughs (one 1.00 × 1.50 m. and the other 0.50 × 0.62 m.), and water canals and pipes. One of the canals was covered with a slab of marble, with an Arabic inscription, in a secondary usage. In the course of fitting the stone to its new purpose, it was cut and a few lines from the top and bottom of the inscription were lost. From the contents of the inscription, as we shall soon see, it can be learnt that the field and the water installations continued to be in use, long after the inscription ceased to serve its purpose, for it was utilized in the repairs of the water installations in the field at some later date.

The Cities of Kerma and Pnubs-Dokki Gel

2021 ◽  
pp. 200-212
Author(s):  
Charles Bonnet
Keyword(s):  
External Input ◽  
The Other ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Main Development ◽  
Development Phases ◽  
The City

The two cities of Kerma and Dokki Gel represent the center of an independent Nubian kingdom that stood up to Egyptian hegemony over a long period of time. Archaeological research carried out in Kerma has enabled us to trace the main development phases of the capital and to identify its main institutions, often influenced by Egypt. On the other hand, the city of Dokki Gel is different in nature, and its unusual architecture, displaying oval or circular monuments, leads us to consider an external input from neighboring countries, probably from the south, like Punt or ancient powers of Darfur. One can thus suggest that the armies of neighboring kingdoms took part in the defense of the territory in the form of coalitions mentioned in some sources contemporary with the conquest of Kerma by the pharaoh’s armies. The establishment of a menenu (fortress) by Thutmose I at Dokki Gel marks a breach that lasted three centuries, and the start of the Egyptianization of the city of Pnubs.

scholarly journals A Later prehistoric house and Early Medieval buildings in Northern Scotland: excavations at Loch Shurrery and Lambsdale Leans, Caithness, 1955, with a note on Lower Dounreay

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair MacLaren ◽  
Ewan Campbell ◽  
Gordon Cook ◽  
Janet Hooper ◽  
L Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The South ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Medieval Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
Northern Edge

Two rescue excavations at the northern edge of a rather sparsely occupied part of the interior of Caithness are reported here, lying near to one of the largest clusters of archaeological sites in the modern county. In the event, the monuments were not threatened, and survive.Because of the limited nature of the excavation at Loch Shurrery (NGR ND 043568),the main value of the evidence about the hut circle relates to its structure and dating. The excavated remains represented a medium-sized oval house with a west-facing entrance. It had an off-centre hearth of rectangular construction. It was rather different in structure to the majority of the small group of such sites which have been excavated in the northern part of the Scottish mainland, as it did not appear to have an internal ring of post holes. In addition, its western entrance is not matched at the other sites, where entrance orientations are to the south, east or south-east. The wall of the Loch Shurrery house was fairly thick and the excavation suggested that it was complex, while the entrance passageway was quite long. The existence of door checks is also an unusual feature and may relate to the entrance structures of brochs and other substantial roundhouses. Two samples of charcoal from the hearth inside the hut circle were submitted for radiocarbon dating: the determinations produce calibrated ranges (at 2-sigma) of 346-4 cal BC and 341 cal BC-1 cal AD. It is likely that most of the excavated, undecorated pottery is also Iron Age, part of a broad tradition of very coarsely tempered pottery. Not-withstanding evidence of extended occupation, the whole period of construction and occupation may have occurred within the Iron Age.The mound of Lambsdale Leans (NGR ND 051548)lies in Reay parish, situated on low-lying ground at the head of Loch Shurrery and close to where its main tributary (the Torran Water) enters the loch from the south. The main characteristics of the this partially-excavated site are the presence of what appeared to be two extended inhumations and the remnants of possible structures associated with several layers of burnt material. Lambsdale Leans itself was a natural mound, of elongated shape and composed largely of sand, into which were set the burials and structural remains. The burials (one certainly female, the other probably so) were not in cists. The structural remains, while not fully excavated, accord well with the general tenor of the available evidence of later first millennium AD buildings in the north of Scotland. Both structures at Lambsdale Leans had floors comprising roughly laid paving, edged with upright slabs, and with an outer kerb of stones. The earliest-dated pottery sherds, unstratified, are from a single grass- tempered handmade vessel whose form cannot be determined. Overall,on one interpretation the Lambsdale Leans evidence favours a context within the Early Medieval period in Caithness. The pottery however, being mostly C12-C13 oxidised wheel-thrown vessels, can be seen to support the suggestion that occupation on the site may have begun in the Medieval period.

On the occurrence of Alstonite and Ullmannite (a species new to Britain) in a Barytes-Witherite vein at the New Brancepeth Colliery near Durham

1910 ◽  
Vol 15 (71) ◽  
pp. 302-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Coal Seams ◽  
The West ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
The City ◽  
Pure White

The mining village of New Brancepeth, in the parish of Brandon and Byshottles, is situated in the Durham coalfield at a distance of four miles to the west of the city of Durham. One of the faults which intersect the sandstones, shales, and coal-seams (the Harvey, Busty, and Brockwell seams) of the Coal Measures at this place has, at its eastern end, an east to west direction with a downthrow of 120 feet and a hade of 20° to the south. Along this portion of its course the fault is of the nature of a fissure-vein, with a width varying from a few inches to 16 feet. The material filling the vein consists mainly of barytes. In places, especially where the walls of the vein are of sandstone, the pure white, massive barytes extends throughout from one sharply-defined cheek to the other.

After the fall of Babylon: A new look at the presentation scene on Assurbanipal relief BM ME 124945–6

Iraq ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 105-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Novotny ◽  
C. E. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
The North ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right ◽  
Upper Register ◽  
The City ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles ◽  
Ground Line

BM ME 124945–6, a relief of Assurbanipal, was discovered in the ruins of Room M (the so-called ‘Throne Room’) of the North Palace in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, and is now on display in the British Museum (Fig. 1). The slabs are divided into two registers: an upper register and a lower register, which are separated by a broad wavy band, each side of which forms the bank of a river. Two rivers flow horizontally in parallel in the centre of the slabs. The presentation scene appears in the lower register, which shows the Assyrian king Assurbanipal (668–631 BC) reviewing war spoils taken from Babylon after the city was captured by the Assyrian army in late 648 BC. The aim of this paper is to examine the spoils represented on the relief and, by carefully analysing Assurbanipal's inscriptions, to clarify how textual accounts of the event or events are reflected in the narrative scheme of the composition.The presentation scene is further divided into three rows by simple horizontal lines, each forming a ground line that normally indicates the recession of space based on the principle of “vertical perspective” in which distant figures are placed higher than nearer ones. The king is represented on the right of the scene, occupying the upper and middle rows (Fig. 2). He is mounted on a chariot and is accompanied by courtiers and soldiers who all face to the left of the scene. An epigraph is engraved above the horses of the king's chariot. On the far side of the scene, Assyrian soldiers, in the upper row, proceed towards the king. The first person is a eunuch raising his right hand; he is followed by a bearded man (Fig. 3). Then there are three soldiers, each holding a particular item of booty (Fig. 4). These men are followed by two wheeled vehicles: one is carried on the shoulders of several men (Fig. 5) and the other pulled by a group of soldiers (Fig. 6). To the far left of the scene, prisoners are led away by soldiers. In the middle row, four foreigners face right (Fig. 7), and behind them stand two scribes making a record in front of one pile of bows and quivers and another of severed heads (Fig. 8). More soldiers follow from the left with a team of horses. The lower row shows a procession of prisoners; all of them move from left to right (Fig. 9). To the far left, there are two sets of chariots, the horses of which are being led by soldiers (Figs. 10 and 11). The overall composition, except for the lower row, is arranged symmetrically facing to the centre, with special emphasis on the king.

Where “the blood boils:” Hans Christian Andersen’s sojourn in Naples

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-134
Author(s):  
Frances Clemente
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
The Other ◽  
The South ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Hans Christian Andersen ◽  
Typical Experience ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

When in 1834, during his Grand Tour of Europe, Hans Christian Andersen set foot in Naples, he was immediately won over by the exuberant vitality of the Neapolitan people. The Parthenopean city, where he “was exposed to sensuality as a daily temptation” (Rossel, “Hans Christian Andersen” 24 and “Do You Know the Land” 95), also awakened Andersen’s more repressed instincts. From this experience he drew material for his most autobiographical novel, Improvisatoren (1835; The Improvisatore), whose protagonist tries to and succeeds in resisting the seductions of Neapolitan sensuality. If on the one hand the Danish author underwent the typical experience of the Northern traveller visiting the South and, more specifically, Naples, enjoying its openness and gaiety, on the other hand he never completely abandoned himself to Southern allures, upholding his moral and religious beliefs against a city that continuously attempted to wholly seduce him. The present paper aims to retrace Andersen’s first journey to Naples—where, by the writer’s own account, “the blood boils” (The Diaries of Hans Christian Andersen 85)—as a voyage into a tempting sensuality, contextualizing it within the wider context of nineteenth-century travelling experience in the city by Northern travellers.

scholarly journals III. Notes on the microscopic structure of some rocks from the Andes of Ecuador, collected by Edward Whymper, No. II. Antisana

1883 ◽  
Vol 36 (228-231) ◽  
pp. 426-434
Keyword(s):  
Close Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sharp Peak ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
The South ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Western Side ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

Antisana is a much loftier and grander mountain than Pichincha, for its summit rises to an elevation of about 19,000 feet above the sea, and the upper part of the mountain (some 4,000 feet) is covered with snow and glaciers. The crevasses on the latter are described by Mr. Whymper as being of an enormous size, probably the largest he had ever seen, and on his first attempt to ascend the peak he was prevented from reaching the summit by chasms and cliffs of ice, among which his party, in consequence of the mists, had become entangled. A second attempt proved successful, but the snowy summit of Antisana is evidently not one likely to be reached by unpractised mountaineers. The mountain is situated slightly to the south of the equator, to the east-south-east of the city of Quito, and nearly due east of the town of Machachi. “The extent of ground covered by Antisana,” according to Mr. Whymper, “is, perhaps, as great as that covered by any of the Ecuadorian Andes, and more than is occupied by most of them. From north to south it extends over more than 20 miles of country, and not much, if at all, less from east to west. From most points of view at a distance, the mountain in form appears more like a ridge than a single summit. A close approach on the western side shows that this appearance is somewhat misleading, and that Antisana has two principal summits, the larger and higher being an immense snowy flat-topped boss, and the second (not less than 1,500 feet lower than the other) a sharp peak, which is probably at all times completely inaccessible.”

scholarly journals Supplements to Johannes Gutslaff’s term creation

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-296
Author(s):  
Kristiina Ross
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Written Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Missed Opportunity

After the Reformation, two written languages developed in the Estonian territory: one was based on the South-Estonian dialects, and the other on the North-Estonian dialects. By the 1630s, year-round pericope books had finally been printed in both language versions. The new aim in the mid-seventeenth century was to translate the whole Bible, as well as to homogenise and systematise the already existing work. Term creation became especially important. At that point, Estonian lacked equivalents of many essential abstract notions, the terminology of the Old Testament was hopelessly fragmentary, and the usage of a number of terms was unstable. The first person to undertake the translation of the whole Bible was Pastor Johannes Gutslaff, who worked in Urvaste in South-Estonia. His translation remained in manuscript and later Bible versions show no traces which would indicate that his work was used. Gutslaff’s translation is an interesting and instructive example of a missed opportunity in the history of the Estonian written language. The following characterises Gutslaff’s language creation in general and describes his search for Estonian equivalents of two New Testament terms (βλασφημία ‘blasphemy’ and τελώνης‘publican’). The matches suggested for the first term are quite transparent, whereas those for the second have a vaguer etymology.

Britain before the Romans

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Champion
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Significance ◽  
The South ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
La Tène ◽  
First Millennium Bc ◽  
Client Kings ◽  
La Tene ◽  
Formal Recognition

Much of Britain saw significant changes in the later part of the first millennium bc, particularly in the south-east. Widespread but regionally varied changes in settlement organization resulted in the emergence of new types of sites, some of which have been termed oppida. Changes included the reappearance of gold, the adoption of wheel-turned pottery, new styles of clothes fastening, and cremation burial from Late La Tène Gaul. The burial tradition included a small number of richly furnished burials. Imports of Roman origin were transmitted through Gaulish intermediaries. After Caesar’s expeditions to Britain, the influence of Rome was much more marked and imports increased. Contacts between Britain and Rome may have included formal recognition of some rulers as client kings. Evidence suggests a limited knowledge of literacy and Latin, but the cultural significance of many Roman objects is often unclear.

Constantinopolitana

1923 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
F. W. Hasluck
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Golden Gate ◽  
The South ◽  
Essential Point ◽  
Long Cycle ◽  
South West ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Many ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
The City

Of the many resting-places assigned, by patriotic fancy, we must regretfully admit, rather than by well-authenticated traditions, to the last Greek emperor of Constantinople, none is more picturesque or more appropriate than the Golden Gate, through which, when the years are fulfilled, the victorious army of the Greeks is to enter the city and take possession once more of their ancient heritage. More than this, as Professor Polites has remarked, relatively ancient traditions of the saviour-king, who is to rise from the sleep of death at this historical moment, speak of him as dwelling ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ ἄκρᾳ τῆς Βυζαντίδος which may well enough be interpreted of the Golden Gate, standing as it does at the south-west corner of the triangular city.Despite this appropriateness, we note in the traditions a certain discrepancy as to one essential point—the identity of the sleeper at the Golden Gate. He is either the emperor Constantine Palaiologos, or his predecessor John Palaiologos, or—S. John the Evangelist! All these traditions are historically almost equally incredible. But the intrusion of S. John, who, according to mediaeval traditions, sleeps without tasting of death in his tomb at Ephesus, is at least intelligible in this setting. The figure of John Palaiologos, on the other hand, seems to be no more than a bridge effecting the transition between the deathless saint, John, and the deathless emperor, Palaiologos, of popular tradition. This hypothetical development would be explicable if we could find such a combination as the existence at the Golden Gate of a body marvellously preserved, and therefore reputed that of a saint, which was ignorantly identified first for obvious reasons with S. John, and later swept into the long cycle of local legends concerning the sleeping saviour-king. It seems possible that some, though not all, of the missing links can be supplied.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document