From Vilification to Accommodation: Making a Common Cause Movement

1999 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYLE MUNRO
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Samuel Johnson ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
Great Evil ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pro Life

The history of the vivisection debate is a case study in the use of vilification not unlike its rhetorical use by adversaries in the pro-life/pro-choice controversy. According to Vanderford, vilification in that debate serves a number of functions: to identify adversaries as “them and us”; to cast opponents in an exclusively negative light; to attribute diabolical motives to one's adversaries; and to magnify the opposition's power as an enemy capable of doing great evil. In the vivisection debate, both sides have attempted to delegitimize each other by one or more of these means. On the antivivisection side, Samuel Johnson in 1758 produced the fiercest attack up to that time on “the inferior Professors of medical knowledge” and “race of wretches whose lives are only varied by varieties of cruelty.” When the antivivisectionist movement peaked in England in the 1870s, the animal experimentalists began to organize in earnest to fend off the charge that vivisection was both cruel and useless. By the turn of the century an American neurologist, Charles Loomis Dana, identified a way to discredit the mainly female antiscience “cranks” in the antivivisection movement by inventing the disease “zoophil-psychosis” to describe one of the diseases affecting mainly women who, having no children or a useful occupation, joined animal protection societies and campaigned against vivisection. Zoophil-psychosis, it was claimed, was a form of mental illness, an incurable insanity that afflicted the hysterical opponents of vivisection.

A Case Study: Massage, Relaxation, and Reward for Treatment of Alopecia Areata

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1315-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon C. Putt ◽  
Lawrence Weinstein ◽  
Mary T. Dzindolet
Keyword(s):  
Alopecia Areata ◽  
Behavior Modification ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Autoimmune Process ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Treatment Designs

Alopecia areata, a common cause of hair loss, is generally considered the consequence of an autoimmune process. Both physiological and psychological factors have been implicated. Previous studies have not incorporated behavior modification in their treatment designs. In this study, three treatment techniques (hair massage, relaxation procedures, and monetary reward) were applied to a 16-year-old male with a five-year history of alopecia areata. Comparison for seven months without treatment versus seven months with treatment showed that loss of hair was markedly reduced after three months of treatment. During the last four months of the study, new hair growth was evidenced.

The Not-So-Strange Birth of the Modern American State: A Comment on James A. Henretta's “Charles Evans Hughes and the Strange Death of Liberal America”

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Novak
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Social Scientist ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Legal Opinions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

James Henretta's “Charles Evans Hughes and the Strange Death of Liberal America” takes up one of the most interesting and important interpretive questions in the history of American political economy. What explains the dramatic transformation in liberal ideology and governance between 1877 and 1937 that carried the United States from laissez-faire constitutionalism to New Deal statism, from classical liberalism to democratic social-welfarism? That question has preoccupied legions of historians, political-economists, and legal scholars (as well as politicians and ideologues) at least since Hughes himself opened the October 1935 Term of the U.S. Supreme Court in a brand new building and amid a rising chorus of constitutional criticism. Henretta, wisely in my opinion, looks to law, particularly public law, for new insights into that great transformation. But, of course, the challenge in using legal history to answer such a question is the enormous increase in the actual policy output of courts, legislatures, and administrative agencies in this period. Trying to synthesize the complex changes in “law-in-action” in the fiercely contested forums of turn-of-the-century America sometimes seems the historical-sociological equivalent of attempting to empty the sea with a slotted spoon. Like any good social scientist, Henretta responds to the impossibility of surveying the whole by taking a sample. Through a case-study of the ideas, political reforms, and legal opinions of Charles Evans Hughes, particularly as governor of New York and associate and chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Henretta offers us in microcosm the story of the revolution (or rather several revolutions) in modern American governance.

scholarly journals Patterns in the history of the commentation on the so-called ḥadīth Ibn Masʿūd

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 137-162
Author(s):  
Thomas Eich
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diachronic Analysis ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Clear Line

This paper analyzes the so-called Ibn Masʿūd ḥadīth (see below) on two levels: the specific wording of the ḥadīth on the one hand and a significant portion of the commentation written about it since the 10th century until today on the other. This aims at three things. First, I will show how the ḥadīth’s exact wording still developed after the stabilization of the material in collections. Although this development occurred only on the level of single words, it can be shown that it is a reflection of discussions documented in the commentaries. Therefore, these specific examples show that there was not always a clear line separating between ḥadīth text and commentaries on that text. Second, the diachronic analysis of the commentaries will provide material for a nuanced assessment in how far major icons of commentation such as Nawawī and Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī significantly influenced following generations in composing their respective commentaries. Third, I will argue that in the specific case study provided here significant changes in the commentation can be witnessed since the second half of the 19th century which are caused by the spread of basic common medical knowledge in that period.

Curing Madness?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpi Rajpal
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Western Medicine ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Medical Advice ◽  
North India ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Indigenous Healing ◽  
Advice Literature ◽  
History Of

Curing Madness? focuses on the institutional and non-institutional histories of madness in colonial north India. ‘Madness’ and ‘cure’ are explored as shifting categories which travelled across cultural, medical, national, and regional boundaries, thereby moving beyond asylum-centric histories. It is based on extensive research of archival materials gathered from various repositories in India and abroad. The book focusses on governmental policies, legal processes, everyday patterns of treatment, discipline and resistance behind the walls, and individual case histories. It also brings to fore the non-institutional histories of madness. While few ended up in asylums, most people suffering from insanity were cared for by their families and the local vidyas, ojhas, shamans, and pundits. Western medicine denigrated indigenous healing traditions forcing them to reconceptualize and reinvent themselves. The spread and dissemination of Western medical knowledge led to the reshaping of some of the Ayurvedic concepts of mental illness. Based on an examination of Hindi medical advice literature which primarily includes books, pamphlets, and periodicals, the study locates the history of madness within and beyond the asylum walls.

Norwegian Whaling in Newfoundland

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony B. Dickinson ◽  
Chelsey W. Sanger
Keyword(s):  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Business History ◽  
Short History ◽  
Canadian Government ◽  
Business Transactions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whaling Industry

This book is both a study of the wider presence of the whaling industry in Newfoundland and Labrador between 1898 and 1972, and a comprehensive case study of the ‘Ellefsen Papers’ and the Aquaforte whaling station. Aquaforte was the only entirely Norwegian-owned factory in Newfoundland at the turn of the century, and one of the only whaling companies to retain all company records, making it an invaluable resource for maritime historians. The archive consists of business transactions, operations details, personal letters, photographs, wage accounts, equipment lists, and product information. The journal introduces the Aquaforte station in the context of global whaling, then traces the business history of the Ellefsen family, and then covers in detail the short history of Aquaforte, from its inception in 1898 to its collapse in 1908 due to stock exploitation. A postscript details both the family’s return to Norway and the whaling cycles in Newfoundland and Labrador post-Aquaforte, between 1908 and 1972, when the Canadian government placed a moratorium on whaling. The book reproduces numerous maps, photographs, lists, and tables. It concludes with a bibliography and six appendices providing relevant whaling industry statistics.

From Madness to Mental Illness

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Leoni
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Patient ◽  
Jacques Derrida ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
General Context ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Psychiatric Power

This chapter explores Michel Foucault's contribution to a critical assessment of modern and contemporary psychiatric practice. It focuses firstly on theHistory of Madness(1961): the social, political, cultural, epistemological construction of the object "psychiatric patient" and "psychiatric pathology"; the gradual historical shift from "madness" to "psychiatric pathology" and its social and epistemological consequences; the horizons and limits of the romantic task Foucault assumes on this basis (namely, the idea of letting the voice of madness come back and speak again, "under" the language and categories of medical knowledge); the critique Jacques Derrida formulated (Writing and Difference, 1967) about this project, and particularly about Foucault's reading of Descartes. Secondly, it examines Foucault's course onPsychiatric Power(1975), focusing on the sociopolitical consequences of this medicalization process: i.e., the construction of the object "psychiatric patient" as "disciplinated bodies", and the general context of this anthropological metamorphosis Foucault studied in his booksDiscipline and Punish,The Will to Knowledge, and in his courseNaissance de la biopolitique(namely, the shift, during the last two centuries, from a disciplinary model to a biopolitical model of power and, more specifically, of administration of mental illness and mental health).

The use of Involuntary Commitment and Videotape in the Psychiatric Treatment of an Incarcerated Offender: A Case Study

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-30
Author(s):  
Dixie Moore
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Psychiatric Treatment ◽  
Involuntary Commitment ◽  
Involuntary Treatment ◽  
Involuntary Hospitalization ◽  
Videotape Interview ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clinical Problems

The psychiatric and legal history of a prisoner is reviewed. Ethical, legal and clinical problems related to his mental illness including his refusal to accept a not guilty by reason of insanity defense, his dual role as prisoner and patient, and his subsequent involuntary hospitalization are discussed. Use of a videotape interview as an adjunct procedure in his involuntary treatment is described and recommended.

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