The social integration of mainstreamed handicapped high school children

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Parker ◽  
Jenny Burrows
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
School Children ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Sociometric Status ◽  
The Social

The social integration (sociometric status) of 22 mainstreamed handicapped high school children was compared with that of their non-handicapped peers. Results indicated that in friendship and work oriented situations the handicapped were less socially accepted than their nonhandicapped peers, more frequently identified as stars, and female handicapped students were more popular and accepted than the male handicapped. A limitation of the study was its small sample size.

scholarly journals Prevalence of myopia in school children in Southern Rajasthan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Utkarsh Deshmukh ◽  
Rishi Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
School Children ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
P Value ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background: Among the refractive errors, myopia is the most common in school children. Due to myopia, school children are unable to see the blackboard which severely affects their performance. Moreover, they are unable to play outdoor sports thereby hampering their all-round development.Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational and analytical study. All children from 5-12 years attending eye OPD were included. Detailed history was taken and complete ophthalmic examination was done. Low myopia was defined as refractive error of -0.25D to -3D. Moderate myopia was defined refractive error of -3.25 D to -6 D. High myopia was defined as refractive error of ≥-6D. The children were divided into 3 groups according to their age (in years): group-1 (5-7), group-2 (8-9) and group-3 (10-12). The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using IBM SPSS version 24.  P value was calculated by chi-square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:   153 children were examined, out of which 72 (47.1%) were males and 81 (52.9%) were females. Group-1, group-2 and group-3 had 38, 38, 77 children respectively. Out of 153 children, 26 (16.99%) were found to be myopic. Out of 26 myopic children, males were 11 (42.3%) and females were 15 (57.69%) (p>0.05), Low, moderate and high myopia was found in 19 (73.07%), 6 (23.07%) and 1 (3.84%) child respectively.Conclusions: The prevalence of myopia in school children is 16.99%. There is a need for regular screening of school children to diagnose myopia in them. The limitation of this study is hospital based and small sample size. So, we recommend a community-based study with a larger sample size.

Application of Ultrasound Elastography for Assessing Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Fiction or Reality?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Gabbiadini ◽  
Eirini Zacharopoulou ◽  
Federica Furfaro ◽  
Vincenzo Craviotto ◽  
Alessandra Zilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Ultrasound Elastography ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Intestinal Fibrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Background: Intestinal fibrosis and subsequent strictures represent an important burden in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The detection and evaluation of the degree of fibrosis in stricturing Crohn’s disease (CD) is important to address the best therapeutic strategy (medical anti-inflammatory therapy, endoscopic dilation, surgery). Ultrasound elastography (USE) is a non-invasive technique that has been proposed in the field of IBD for evaluating intestinal stiffness as a biomarker of intestinal fibrosis. Objective: The aim of this review is to discuss the ability and current role of ultrasound elastography in the assessment of intestinal fibrosis. Results and Conclusion: Data on USE in IBD are provided by pilot and proof-of-concept studies with small sample size. The first type of USE investigated was strain elastography, while shear wave elastography has been introduced lately. Despite the heterogeneity of the methods of the studies, USE has been proven to be able to assess intestinal fibrosis in patients with stricturing CD. However, before introducing this technique in current practice, further studies with larger sample size and homogeneous parameters, testing reproducibility, and identification of validated cut-off values are needed.

scholarly journals Confirming known planetary trends using a photometrically selected Kepler sample

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonah T Hansen ◽  
Luca Casagrande ◽  
Michael J Ireland ◽  
Jane Lin
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Robust Statistics ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Fitting Algorithm ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Host Stars ◽  
High Metallicity

Abstract Statistical studies of exoplanets and the properties of their host stars have been critical to informing models of planet formation. Numerous trends have arisen in particular from the rich Kepler dataset, including that exoplanets are more likely to be found around stars with a high metallicity and the presence of a “gap” in the distribution of planetary radii at 1.9 R⊕. Here we present a new analysis on the Kepler field, using the APOGEE spectroscopic survey to build a metallicity calibration based on Gaia, 2MASS and Strömgren photometry. This calibration, along with masses and radii derived from a Bayesian isochrone fitting algorithm, is used to test a number of these trends with unbiased, photometrically derived parameters, albeit with a smaller sample size in comparison to recent studies. We recover that planets are more frequently found around higher metallicity stars; over the entire sample, planetary frequencies are 0.88 ± 0.12 percent for [Fe/H] &lt; 0 and 1.37 ± 0.16 percent for [Fe/H] ≥ 0 but at two sigma we find that the size of exoplanets influences the strength of this trend. We also recover the planet radius gap, along with a slight positive correlation with stellar mass. We conclude that this method shows promise to derive robust statistics of exoplanets. We also remark that spectrophotometry from Gaia DR3 will have an effective resolution similar to narrow band filters and allow to overcome the small sample size inherent in this study.

scholarly journals The use of diversity indices for local assessment of marine sediment quality

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinya Hosokawa ◽  
Kyosuke Momota ◽  
Anthony A. Chariton ◽  
Ryoji Naito ◽  
Yoshiyuki Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Species Density ◽  
Local Case ◽  
Two Indices

AbstractDiversity indices are commonly used to measure changes in marine benthic communities. However, the reliability (and therefore suitability) of these indices for detecting environmental change is often unclear because of small sample size and the inappropriate choice of communities for analysis. This study explored uncertainties in taxonomic density and two indices of community structure in our target region, Japan, and in two local areas within this region, and explored potential solutions. Our analysis of the Japanese regional dataset showed a decrease in family density and a dominance of a few species as sediment conditions become degraded. Local case studies showed that species density is affected by sediment degradation at sites where multiple communities coexist. However, two indices of community structure could become insensitive because of masking by community variability, and small sample size sometimes caused misleading or inaccurate estimates of these indices. We conclude that species density is a sensitive indicator of change in marine benthic communities, and emphasise that indices of community structure should only be used when the community structure of the target community is distinguishable from other coexisting communities and there is sufficient sample size.

scholarly journals Reliability estimation for drive axle of wheel loader under extreme small sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 168781401983684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilei Cao ◽  
Lulu Cao ◽  
Lei Guo ◽  
Kui Liu ◽  
Xin Ding
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Promising Result ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Reliability Estimation ◽  
Fatigue Reliability ◽  
Drive Axle ◽  
Semi Empirical

It is difficult to have enough samples to implement the full-scale life test on the loader drive axle due to high cost. But the extreme small sample size can hardly meet the statistical requirements of the traditional reliability analysis methods. In this work, the method of combining virtual sample expanding with Bootstrap is proposed to evaluate the fatigue reliability of the loader drive axle with extreme small sample. First, the sample size is expanded by virtual augmentation method to meet the requirement of Bootstrap method. Then, a modified Bootstrap method is used to evaluate the fatigue reliability of the expanded sample. Finally, the feasibility and reliability of the method are verified by comparing the results with the semi-empirical estimation method. Moreover, from the practical perspective, the promising result from this study indicates that the proposed method is more efficient than the semi-empirical method. The proposed method provides a new way for the reliability evaluation of costly and complex structures.

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