Vaccine Administration by Paramedics: A Model for Bioterrorism and Disaster ResponsePreparation

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-326
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Walz ◽  
Richard A. Bissell ◽  
Brian Maguire ◽  
James A. Judge
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Patient Education ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Training ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Emergency Services Personnel ◽  
Cdc Guidelines ◽  
Control And Prevention

AbstractThe events of 11 September 2001 have had a profound effect on disaster planning efforts in the United States. This is true especially in the area of bioter-rorism. One of the major tenets of bioterrorism response is the vaccination of at-riskpopulations. This paper investigates the efficacy of training emergency medical services paramedics to administer vaccines in public health settings as preparation for and response to bioterrorism events and other disaster events.The concept of vaccination administration by specially trained paramedics is not new. Various programs to provide immunizations for emergency services personnel and at-risk civilian populations have been reported.Vaccination programs by paramedics should follow the guidelines of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Thispaper compares the seven standards of the CDC guidelines to routine paramedic practice and education. It is concluded that paramedics are adequately trained to administer vaccines. However, specific training and protocols are needed in the areas of administrative paperwork and patient education. A proposed outline for a paramedic-training program is presented.

Vaccine Administration by Paramedics: A Model for Bioterrorism and Disaster Response Preparation

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce J. Walz ◽  
Richard A. Bissell ◽  
Brian Maguire ◽  
James A. Judge
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Training ◽  
Response Preparation ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Emergency Services Personnel ◽  
Cdc Guidelines ◽  
Control And Prevention

AbstractThe events of 11 September 2001 have had a profound effect on disaster planning efforts in the United States. This is true especially in the area of bioter-rorism. One of the major tenets of bioterrorism response is the vaccination of at-riskpopulations. This paper investigates the efficacy of training emergency medical services paramedics to administer vaccines in public health settings as preparation for and response to bioterrorism events and other disaster events.The concept of vaccination administration by specially trained paramedics is not new. Various programs to provide immunizations for emergency services personnel and at-risk civilian populations have been reported.Vaccination programs by paramedics should follow the guidelines of the National Vaccine Advisory Committee of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Thispaper compares the seven standards of the CDC guidelines to routine paramedic practice and education. It is concluded that paramedics are adequately trained to administer vaccines. However, specific training and protocols are needed in the areas of administrative paperwork and patient education. A proposed outline for a paramedic-training program is presented.

scholarly journals Age-Standardized Mortality of Persons on Probation, in Jail, or in State Prison and the General Population, 2001-2012

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 660-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Wildeman ◽  
Alyssa W. Goldman ◽  
Emily A. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Correctional Facility ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratios

Objectives: The number of adults in the United States being held on probation—persons convicted of crimes and serving their sentence in the community rather than in a correctional facility—approached 4 million at the end of 2016 and continues to grow, yet little is known about the health and well-being of this population. We compared the standardized mortality ratios of persons on probation in the United States with persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. Methods: We used administrative data from 2001-2012 from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WONDER database and indirect standardization techniques to compare the mortality rates of persons on probation in 15 states with the mortality rates of persons in jail, persons in state prison, and the general US population. We applied the age-specific mortality rates of 3 populations (general US population, persons in jail, and persons in state prison) to the age distribution of persons on probation to estimate standardized mortality ratios. Results: Persons on probation died at a rate 3.42 times higher than persons in jail, 2.81 times higher than persons in state prison, and 2.10 times higher than the general US population, after standardizing the age distribution of persons on probation relative to the other 3 groups. Conclusions: Public health interventions should target persons on probation, who have received less attention from the public health community than persons serving sentences in jails and prisons.

scholarly journals The Check and Report Ebola (CARE+) Program to Monitor Travelers for Ebola After Arrival to the United States, 2014-2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 (6) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather A. Joseph ◽  
Abbey E. Wojno ◽  
Kelly Winter ◽  
Onalee Grady-Erickson ◽  
Erin Hawes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Care Program ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Control And Prevention

The 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa influenced how public health officials considered migration and emerging infectious diseases. Responding to the public’s concerns, the US government introduced enhanced entry screening and post-arrival monitoring by public health authorities to reduce the risk of importation and domestic transmission of Ebola while continuing to allow travel from West Africa. This case study describes a new initiative, the Check and Report Ebola (CARE+) program that engaged travelers arriving to the United States from countries with Ebola outbreaks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention employed CARE ambassadors, who quickly communicated with incoming travelers and gave them practical resources to boost their participation in monitoring for Ebola. The program aimed to increase travelers’ knowledge of Ebola symptoms and how to seek medical care safely, increase travelers’ awareness of monitoring requirements, reduce barriers to monitoring, and increase trust in the US public health system. This program could be adapted for use in future outbreaks that involve the potential importation of disease and require the education and active engagement of travelers to participate in post-arrival monitoring.

Public Health Implementation Considerations for State-Level Ebola Monitoring and Movement Restrictions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Tara Kirk Sell ◽  
Matthew P. Shearer ◽  
Diane Meyer ◽  
Mary Leinhos ◽  
Erin Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Movement Restriction ◽  
Implementation Processes ◽  
Cdc Guidelines ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Substantial Resource

ABSTRACT Objective: This article describes implementation considerations for Ebola-related monitoring and movement restriction policies in the United States during the 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted between January and May 2017 with 30 individuals with direct knowledge of state-level Ebola policy development and implementation processes. Individuals represented 17 jurisdictions with variation in adherence to US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines, census region, predominant state political affiliation, and public health governance structures, as well as the CDC. Results: Interviewees reported substantial resource commitments required to implement Ebola monitoring and movement restriction policies. Movement restriction policies, including for quarantine, varied from voluntary to mandatory programs, and, occasionally, quarantine enforcement procedures lacked clarity. Conclusions: Efforts to improve future monitoring and movement restriction policies may include addressing surge capacity to implement these programs, protocols for providing support to affected individuals, coordination with law enforcement, and guidance on varying approaches to movement restrictions.

Preparing for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in US Immigrant Communities: Strategies for Allocation, Distribution, and Communication

2020 ◽  
pp. e1-e5
Author(s):  
Eva H. Clark ◽  
Karla Fredricks ◽  
Laila Woc-Colburn ◽  
Maria Elena Bottazzi ◽  
Jill Weatherhead
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Control And Prevention

Widely administered efficacious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are the safest and most efficient way to achieve individual- and population-level immunity, making SARS-CoV-2 vaccination the most viable strategy for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States. To this end, the US government has invested more than $10 billion in “Operation Warp Speed,” a public-private partnership including the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the US Department of Defense. Operation Warp Speed funded the development of several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and aimed to deliver 300 million doses of a vaccine by the ambitious date of January 2021. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print December 22, 2020: e1–e5. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306047 )

scholarly journals Increase in Nalidixic Acid Resistance among Non-Typhi Salmonella enterica Isolates in the United States from 1996 to 2003

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Stevenson ◽  
Kathryn Gay ◽  
Timothy J. Barrett ◽  
Felicita Medalla ◽  
Tom M. Chiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Nalidixic Acid Resistance

ABSTRACT Fluoroquinolones commonly are used to treat adult Salmonella infections. Fluoroquinolone treatment has failed for persons infected with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella. From 1996 to 2003, state public health laboratories forwarded 12,252 non-Typhi Salmonella enterica isolates to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 203 (1.6%) of the isolates were nalidixic acid resistant, and 14 (7%) of those were ciprofloxacin resistant. Resistance to nalidixic acid significantly increased from 0.4% in 1996 to 2.3% in 2003. All ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates had at least one point mutation in the quinolone resistance determining region (QRDR) of gyrA and did not harbor qnr or have point mutations in the QRDR of gyrB, parC, or parE. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among non-Typhi S. enterica isolates is needed to mitigate the increasing prevalence of nalidixic acid resistance.

scholarly journals Mortality Due To Failure To Quarantine During The Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Klena JW ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Lung Carcinoma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Elective Resection ◽  
Pulmonary Surgery ◽  
Cdc Guidelines ◽  
Control And Prevention

The Covid-19 Pandemic has created significant chaos in the United States’ health care system. The virus has potentially lethal respiratory consequences making pulmonary surgery particularly precarious. Presented is a case of a patient who underwent elective resection of a lung carcinoma who, despite concordance with institutional and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for the pre-operative testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), contracted the virus unknowingly prior to his procedure. He underwent an uncomplicated resection and hospitalization only to present after discharge testing positive for Covid-19 ultimately leading to his death. He appears to have contracted the virus after his pre-operative testing by not remaining quarantined prior to his surgery.

Postexposure Immunization and Prophylaxis of Bloodborne Pathogens Following a Traumatic Explosive Event: Preliminary Recommendations

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Italo Subbarao ◽  
Ruth Steinbrecher ◽  
Litjen Tan ◽  
Kobi Peleg ◽  
Jessica Zeiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Health Preparedness ◽  
Bloodborne Pathogens ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Membrane Exposure ◽  
Explosive Event

ABSTRACTBackground: No definitive guidelines have been established in the United States for postexposure immunization and prophylaxis (PEP) to hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the event of a traumatic explosive event.Methods: The American Medical Association’s Center for Public Health Preparedness and Disaster Response assembled a US-Israeli panel of experts, including representatives from disaster medicine, trauma surgery, occupational health, and infectious disease to determine guidelines for adult and pediatric victims following a traumatic explosive event. The panel reviewed the existing Israeli and United Kingdom protocols, previously published Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance on occupational and nonoccupational exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV, before reaching consensus on preliminary guidelines for the United States.Results: These guidelines recommend an age-appropriate dose and schedule for HBV PEP for individuals presenting from the scene with nonintact skin or mucous membrane exposure, and they also consider HCV and HIV testing in individuals presenting with possible nonintact skin or mucous membrane exposure. The guidelines do not recommend PEP for individuals presenting from the scene with possible superficial skin exposure.Conclusions: These recommendations offer PEP guidance for bloodborne pathogens and are limited in scope. These recommendations do not address general wound PEP such as tetanus or the need for antibiotics. It is hoped that these guidelines will fill an urgent gap in preparedness until definitive, comprehensive guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are published. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2007;1:106–109)

scholarly journals Infections associated with cantaloupe consumption: a public health concern

2005 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BOWEN ◽  
A. FRY ◽  
G. RICHARDS ◽  
L. BEAUCHAT
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Potential Methods

Fresh produce is an important part of a healthy diet and is consumed in greater quantity in the United States than ever before. Consumption of cantaloupe has recently been associated with several large outbreaks of infections in North America, highlighting the need for a better understanding of practices and processes that may contribute to contamination. We reviewed all cantaloupe-associated outbreaks that were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and published in the literature. Twenty-three outbreaks occurred between 1984 and 2002; 1434 people became ill, 42 were hospitalized, and two died in these outbreaks. Aetiological agents in the outbreaks included five serotypes of Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and norovirus. We reviewed processes contributing to cantaloupe contamination, conditions affecting survival and growth of bacterial pathogens on melons, and potential methods for sanitization. For maximum safety, industry, federal, and international partners must collaborate to ensure that appropriate interventions are in place to minimize the risk of contamination and prevent the growth of pathogens during cantaloupe production, processing, storage, and preparation.

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