HENRY MARTYN AND ENGLAND’S CHRISTIAN EMPIRE: REREADING JANE EYRE THROUGH MISSIONARY BIOGRAPHY

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ellis Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
George Eliot ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
Spiritual Quest ◽  
Military Violence ◽  
British East India Company ◽  
The World ◽  
Mission Field

IN 1814 THE YOUNG Thomas Babington Macaulay tried his hand at the couplet to memorialize one of his Evangelical family’s heroes. Henry Martyn, chaplain to the British East India Company, had died in 1812 on his way home from duties in the east. With an adolescent’s enthusiasm for battle Macaulay engaged the tropes of spiritual quest and violent conquest that accompanied the evangelical spirit. To Martyn’s efforts he attributed, “Eternal trophies! Not with carnage red, / Not stained with tears by hapless captives shed, / But trophies of the Cross!” (281). Military violence gives way to conquest in a higher sphere, the world of the mission field. Nearly a half century later George Eliot evoked Martyn’s spiritual heroism at the outset of her career as a fiction writer. In Scenes of Clerical Life, Janet Dempster finds the inspiration to reform her life by reading the Memoir of Henry Martyn. Martyn’s example nerves her to engage in self-sacrifice and is the catalyst for her return to the scene of domestic violence; in an act of self-conquest Janet assumes the role of model wife and forgiving Christian.

scholarly journals Battling and Rescuing as Double Heroism in Ayo Gorkhali: A History of the Gurkhas by Tim I. Gurung

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Ram Prasad Rai
Keyword(s):  
East India Company ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
British East India Company ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
Area Of Study

The main aim of this paper is to study the dual heroism of the Gorkhas: ‘battling’ and ‘rescuing’ in the book Ayo Gorkhali: A History of the Gurkhas by Tim I. Gurung from the evolutionary perspective. The book is about the Gorkhas’ bravery in battling as well as rescuing exhibited in wars around the world because of which they brought victory and power to Britain. Despite their defeat in the Anglo-Nepal War (1814-1816), the Gorkhas were able to impress the British authority for their bravery, dedication and discipline. The British East India Company began to recruit the Gorkhas in their army. They succeeded to suppress robberies, banditries and mutinies and establish peace and order in the society. In every theatre of war including the First and Second World Wars, the Gorkhas battled bravely for Britain and kept her name always high in the world. In this paper, the researcher has consulted books, journal articles and documentaries related to the Gorkhas and their heroic performance in wars. The Gorkhas are found to be brave in both ‘fighting’ as well as ‘making rescue’ of their co-warriors, officers and civilians during the wars. They have been known as the ‘bravest of the brave’ in the world. This paper will be new insights for the future researchers in the particular area of study.

scholarly journals East India Company Strategies in the Development of Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. p37
Author(s):  
Aniba Israt Ara ◽  
Arshad Islam
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Natural Region ◽  
China Trade ◽  
The Social ◽  
British East India Company ◽  
Literature History

Singapore in the Malay Peninsula was targeted by the British East India Company (EIC) to be the epicentre of their direct rule in Southeast Asia. Seeking new sources of revenue at the end of the 18th century, after attaining domination in India, the Company sought to extend its reach into China, and Malaya was the natural region to do this, extending outposts to Penang and Singapore. The latter was first identified as a key site by Stamford Raffles. The EIC Governor General Marquess Hastings (r. 1813-1823) planned to facilitate Raffle’s attention on the Malay Peninsula from Sumatra. Raffles’ plan for Singapore was approved by the EIC’s Bengal Government. The modern system of administration came into the Straits Settlements under the EIC’s Bengal Presidency. In 1819 in Singapore, Raffles established an Anglo-Oriental College (AOC) for the study of Eastern languages, literature, history, and science. The AOC was intended firstly to be the centre of local research and secondly to increase inter-cultural knowledge of the East and West. Besides Raffles’ efforts, the EIC developed political and socio-economic systems for Singapore. The most important aspects of the social development of Singapore were proper accommodation for migrants, poverty eradication, health care, a new system of education, and women’s rights. The free trade introduced by Francis Light (and later Stamford Raffles) in Penang and Singapore respectively gave enormous opportunities for approved merchants to expand their commerce from Burma to Australia and from Java to China. Before the termination of the China trade in 1833 Singapore developed tremendously, and cemented the role of the European trading paradigm in the East.

Shrinking the World: Improvements in the Speed of Information Transmission, c. 1820-1870

2004 ◽  
pp. 231-260
Author(s):  
Yrjö Kaukiainen
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
New Technology ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Post Office ◽  
Ocean Shipping ◽  
The World

This chapter discusses the important developments in shipping communication that took place decades before the establishment of the electric telegraph. It emphasises that the improvement of communications was a major factor in the growth process of ocean shipping productivity and draws materials from Lloyd’s List; the British Post Office; the East India Company; and Peter Malm’s shipping correspondence in order to provide testimonies and transmission speeds to show the development of communication. The chapter also considers the role of the steamship in the transformation of overseas communication from the end of the 1830s whilst looking at the emergence of new technology in the expanding shipping market.

Protestants Abroad: How Missionaries Tried to Change the World but Changed America

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Lian Xi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American History ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The World ◽  
National Life ◽  
Mission Field

In Protestants Abroad David Hollinger reminds us of the vital role of missionaries in American history. The book explores how overseas missions, though often linked with imperialism, produced a counterreaction against it in the course of the twentieth century. As a result of the “cascading self-interrogations” from the mission field, both the missionary enterprise and churches in America were challenged and changed. Missionaries, their children, and missionary-connected Americans helped their country come to grips with the traditions and modern realities of Asia, pioneered in the development of academic studies of Asia, and left distinct, cosmopolitan marks on America’s national life.

Microscopy and Semiotic in Middlemarch

1996 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Wormald
Keyword(s):  
George Eliot ◽  
Water Drop ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Work ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The World ◽  
Professional Science ◽  
Natural Historian ◽  
Victorian Periodicals

This paper reveals a frogotten formative influence on George Eliot. Most accounts of Eliot's debts to science examine the circle of eminent scientists she and Lewes knew in the 1860s and 1870s and his own late work, Problems of Life and Mind. Here I explore much earlier and less celebrated writing: the microscopical investigations of primitive water creatures that Lewes conducted as an amateur popularizer of science in the mid to late 1850s and the vigorous culture of microscopy to which he introduced George Eliot as early as 1856. After summarizing the technological advances in the microscope that had nurtured this culture and surveying the role of Victorian periodicals in sustaining it, I trace the significance of the discipline, particularly as conveyed in Lewes's neglected article "Only a Pond!," for the texture and structure of Middlemarch. The language of her characters' dialogues teems with details of vocabulary and metaphor first developed by Lewes to map the world of the water-drop onto the equally parasitic relationships of mid-Victorian society. More surprising, Eliot also made her narrator one of the novel's two amateur microscopists, the other being Camden Farebrother, Middlemarch's own amateur natural historian. The pater then explores the different kinds of "advantage" this interest in microscopes secures for Farebrother over Lydgate, the book's representative of professional science, and argues that Farebrother is the novelist's private tribute to Lewes's earlier enthusiams.

scholarly journals Dak Roads, Dak Runners, and the Reordering of Communication Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitra Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
British East India Company ◽  
History Of ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Popular Images

SummaryWith the expansion of its territory in India in the first half of the nineteenth century, the British East India Company increasingly felt the need to widen postal networks and speed up communications. This essay looks at the crucial role of thedauriya(mail runner) in the development of postal networks by exploring the narratives around popular images of this “traditional” communication worker. Accounts of the lives of mail runners were interwoven with stories of their extraordinary physical strength and the dangers they negotiated along the way, their encounters with tigers, and their commitment to carry the imperial mail through rain and flood. Behind such narratives lay a history of regulations, a story of the making of a “modern” postal system. This entailed an effort to rationalize the system, calculating the speed of running, ensuring regularity, projecting estimated times of travel, and enforcing contracts. This essay aims to understand the logic of these changes, and the implications of these regulations.

George Eliot as Revenant in Faye Kellerman's Mysteries: An American Daniel Is Alive and Well in Southern California

Prospects ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 491-511
Author(s):  
Sharon Deykin Baris
Keyword(s):  
George Eliot ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Daniel Deronda ◽  
Great Idea ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Book Of Daniel

As George Eliot's novel Daniel Deronda nears its end, Daniel tells his friend Hans, “I shall by-and-by travel to the East and be away for some years” (DD, p. 854). This is entirely appropriate for a person named Daniel who has from the novel's first lines been placed in the role of an interpreter, and who later is likened to a prophet. Daniel Deronda says that he has “always longed for some ideal task” (DD, p. 819), and when he comes to meet Mordecai with fateful news of his heritage he seems, like that salvational figure envisioned by the biblical Book of Daniel, to be virtually trailing clouds of glory:Yet when Deronda entered, the sight of him was like the clearness after rain: no clouds to come could hinder the cherishing beam of that moment. (DD, p. 816)Questions of the origins and meaning of history were of special interest in England during the 1860s and in the decade following, when Eliot was engaged in writing this novel. The prophetic visions of the biblical Book of Daniel seemed crucial to Victorian exegetes in settling current debates about the British world role and by implication about the history of the whole world. One Arthur Stanley, speaking of the dreams of Daniel, wrote in 1865 that “there could be no doubt that they contain the first germs of the great idea of the succession of ages, of the continuous growth of empires and races under a law of Divine Providence, the first sketch of the Education of the world.” Eliot was fully aware of such prophetic traditions. When she sends Daniel Deronda away from England “to the East … for some years,” it is as if she would have him, a modern Daniel, describe a pattern of the world's progress for her own day.

scholarly journals The role of social media during COVID–19 pandemic situation and Domestic violence: Its impacts on Pakistan Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 2029-2035
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Common People ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The World ◽  
Women Violence

Technology based tools and methods have greater impact on society, cultural, physiological,and psychological impacts on human life. The role of electronic and print media is not part of human life. The news, videos, pictures on regular basis is on the highest peak of media weapon which effects human mind with several harsh, stern, violent and many negative impacts. However,technology has also positive impact on society which is based on user-basedskills. Domestic Violence implies to the study of mental, physical,and sexual assault to living being at home. This can be torture, punishment, injury, robbery, forced sexual attempt and any other forcefully act which harms the honor, respect and self-esteem of any body. Violence against women has been consider major issue in world. This is very serious matter of human rights. The world became global village and stepped very fast source of information sharing. The digital world made easy to share and make rapid information sharing to the law agencies to act as fast responsive to the common people. The women violence was not considered before two or three decades in account. However last decade is considered as important for women violence and victims. This becomesas an international concern due to large reports from different regions of the world related to the women violence. Many organizations are developed to protect women rights and consideron international level. This study focusseson impact of Domestic violence in Sindh province.

scholarly journals POLYPHONY AND THIRST FOR HAPPINESS: THE IMAGE OF CHILDHOOD IN CHARLOTTE BRONTË’S ‘JANE EYRE’

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
Svetlana B. Koroleva ◽  
◽  
Marina Yu. Kovaleva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Type Of Behavior

The article is devoted to the image of childhood as one of the most complex aesthetic elements in Charlotte Brontë’s novel Jane Eyre. The paper argues that there are two primarily important characteristics of the image in the novel: polyphony – that is, the presence of different points of view on the child and the adult – and thirst for happiness. Special attention is paid to the polyphony of voices describing the heroinenarrator. The paper also focuses on the role of the motifs of orphanhood, rejection and loneliness, on the one hand, and of search for happiness, on the other, in developing the image of childhood. The authors argue that the heroine-narrator not only overcomes ordeals but also accomplishes a multi-stage way of growing up – from vague impressions and sensations to a clear awareness, the development of principles and understanding of the structure of the world; from complete alienation from the world to the ability to empathize and open her heart to another; from creative inclinations and instinctiveness to enterprise, spiritual development, upholding her ‘naturalness’ and her own way. The paper researches Brontë’s technique of accuracy in details as applied to depict the development of the heroine-narrator’s spiritual world and her outer image and type of behavior. At the same time, it focuses on two versions (synchronic and in retrospect) of depicting Jane’s vision of her own behavior and character. There are also analyzed the ways of comparing and contrasting different child images in the novel: the one based on certain religious-didactic signals (Jane vs. Mrs. Reed’s children) and the one based on the religious system of values (Jane and Helen). The paper particularly emphasizes the role of natural tenacity (and naturalness in general) and the Protestant at its core model of responsible and natural behavior based on the feeling of love in leading the heroine-narrator to matrimonial happiness.

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