Introduction

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (S23) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Lenard A. Adler ◽  
Jeffrey H. Newcorn
Keyword(s):  
Adult Adhd ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm Iv

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be the most common chronic, undiagnosed psychiatric disorder in adults. ADHD is characterized by restlessness, overactivity, disorganization, impulsivity, and inattention; and as further characterized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). For most cases, an adult ADHD diagnosis is preceded by symptoms in childhood, which is a time when the disorder is rarely inquired about and usually overlooked.ADHD has been recognized in children for several decades, and the importance of detection and treatment is well established. Whereas it was initially believed that children outgrew the disease, researchers now know that approximately two thirds of children affected with ADHD symptoms carry the condition into adolescence and then into adulthood. Consequently, >4% of adults in the United States have ADHD. Nevertheless, the disorder is unrecognized and untreated in the vast majority of these people.

scholarly journals Clinical characterization of Italian suicide attempters with bipolar disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Dell’Osso ◽  
Matteo Vismara ◽  
Cristina Dobrea ◽  
Laura Cremaschi ◽  
Benedetta Grancini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Clinical Variables ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitalizations ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Dsm Iv

IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic, highly disabling condition associated with psychiatric/medical comorbidity and substantive morbidity, mortality, and suicide risks. In prior reports, varying parameters have been associated with suicide risk.ObjectivesTo evaluate sociodemographic and clinical variables characterizing Italian individuals with BD with versus without prior suicide attempt (PSA).MethodsA sample of 362 Italian patients categorized as BD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM IV-TR) was assessed and divided in 2 subgroups: with and without PSA. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were compared between prior attempters and non-attempters using corrected multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).ResultsMore than one-fourth of BD patients (26.2%) had a PSA, with approximately one-third (31%) of these having>1 PSA. Depressive polarity at onset, higher number of psychiatric hospitalizations, comorbid alcohol abuse, comorbid eating disorders, and psychiatric poly-comorbidity were significantly more frequent (p<.05) in patients with versus without PSA. Additionally, treatment with lithium, polypharmacotherapy (≥4 current drugs) and previous psychosocial rehabilitation were significantly more often present in patients with versus without PSA.ConclusionsWe found several clinical variables associated with PSA in BD patients. Even though these retrospective findings did not address causality, they could be clinically relevant to better understanding suicidal behavior in BD and adopting proper strategies to prevent suicide in higher risk patients.

Psychophysiological Characteristics of Aggression Associated with Depression before and after Successful Treatment with Sertraline: A Clinical Trial Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-392
Author(s):  
Alireza Farnam ◽  
Arezoo Mehrara ◽  
Saeideh Aghayari Sheikh Neshin ◽  
Masumeh Zamanlu ◽  
Mohammad Ali Nazari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anger Expression ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Violent Behaviors ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Standard Medication

Background: Depression associated with aggression can lead to violent behaviors. The present study was aimed to determine how sertraline, a standard medication for depression treatment, can efficiently decrease aggression and affect psychophysiological parameters in patients with depression. Methods: Patients with depression and aggression were included in a six-week trial with sertraline (50 100 mg/day). Depression diagnosis was confirmed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Depression severity before and after treatment was assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Aggression was evaluated by Spielberger’s State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXIII). The BDI and STAXI-II were finally applied to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. For each patient, peripheral and central psychophysiological parameters were recorded using peripheral biofeedback apparatus and electroencephalogram in the initial and final stages of treatment. These recordings were attempted to assess variations of the autonomic nervous system and electrocortical activity in response to treatment. Results: Depressive and aggressive symptoms decreased significantly over the six-week treatment period, as measured by BDI and STAXI-II. Significant changes in some of the peripheral and central psychophysiological variables were observed. Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)/theta ratio (p=0.01) have decreased during a task, delta (p=0.02) and theta (p=0.008) wave activity and theta/alpha ratio (p=0.01) have increased during task, and theta/beta ratio has increased during both rest and task (p=0.02 for both). Among peripheral psychophysiological variables, skin conductance during task decreased significantly (p=0.03). Conclusion: Several numbers of psychophysiological parameters were influenced significantly after successful pharmacotherapy of aggressiveness in patients with depression.

The Classification of Eating Disorders

2010 ◽  
pp. 7-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn H. Gordon ◽  
Jill M. Holm-Denoma ◽  
Ross D. Crosby ◽  
Stephen A. Wonderlich
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Dsm Iv

The purpose of the chapter is to elucidate the key issues regarding the classification of eating disorders. To this end, a review of nosological research in the area of eating disorders is presented, with a particular focus on empirically based techniques such as taxometric and latent class analysis. This is followed by a section outlining areas of overlap between the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) eating disorder categories and their symptoms. Next, eating disorder classification models that are alternatives to the DSM-IV-TR are described and critically examined in light of available empirical data. Finally, areas of controversy and considerations for change in next version of the DSM (i.e., the applicability of DSM criteria to minority groups, children, males; the question of whether clinical categories should be differentiated from research categories) are discussed.

Sexual Disorders Not Otherwise Specified: Compulsive, Addictive, or Impulsive?

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan J. Stein ◽  
Donald W. Black ◽  
Willie Pienaar
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Disorders ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Hypersexual Disorder ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Not Otherwise Specified ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Comorbidity

AbstractParaphilias are recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving nonhuman objects. These paraphilias cause the suffering or humiliation of the patient or patient's partner, or children, or other nonconsenting persons. However, in many patients symptoms involve more culturally acceptable patterns (eg, repetitive masturbation, Internet pornography); such hypersexual symptoms have been labeled as compulsive, addictive, or impulsive. Growing evidence supports the existence of a discrete syndrome characterized by recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving patterns that fall outside the definition of paraphilia. There is, however, high comorbidity with paraphilia. While such symptoms have been labeled as sexual compulsion or addiction, these terms are problematic in this context. Modern nosology has neglected this entity, although the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), category of sexual disorders not otherwise specified includes hypersexual behaviors as an example. We suggest that the DSM-IV category of sexual disorders be modified to include explicitly diagnostic criteria for a disorder characterized by hypersexual symptoms involving patterns that fall outside of the current definition of paraphilia. The disorder might be classified as one of the paraphilias, or as paraphilia-related. In the absence of a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder, we suggest that it simply be termed hypersexual disorder.

Behavioral Observations of Parents With ADHD During Parent Training

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 1289-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dara E. Babinski ◽  
James G. Waxmonsky ◽  
Daniel A. Waschbusch ◽  
William E. Pelham
Keyword(s):  
Parent Training ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Parent Training ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Parental Adhd ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Dsm Iv

Objective: Several studies suggest that parental ADHD impedes behavioral parent training (BPT) outcomes. Parental ADHD symptoms exhibited during BPT may interfere with the acquisition of new skills. This study explored the observed behavior of parents with ADHD during BPT. Method: Parents of children with ADHD attending group BPT completed self-ratings of their ADHD symptoms. Parents indicating a moderate level of ADHD symptoms were administered a clinical interview, and 37.3% of parents met ADHD criteria based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) clinician-rated symptom counts. Results: Parents with high ADHD symptoms displayed more total and off-task violations compared with parents with low ADHD symptoms, although no significant differences emerged for other behaviors (i.e., working quietly, using materials appropriately, and remaining in seat), absences, or tardiness. Conclusion: Parental ADHD symptoms were manifested during BPT. Future research should clarify the nature of parental behavior in BPT as a possible mechanism explaining the relation between parental ADHD and impaired BPT outcomes.

Criteria and Concurrent Validity of DIVA 2.0: A Semi-Structured Diagnostic Interview for Adult ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1126-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga ◽  
Viviana Nasillo ◽  
Vanesa Richarte ◽  
Montserrat Corrales ◽  
Felipe Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Structured Diagnostic Interview ◽  
First Time

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess for the first time the criterion validity of the semi-structured Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults (DIVA 2.0), and its concurrent validity in comparison with the Conners’ Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID) and other ADHD severity scales, following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) criteria. Method: A transversal study was performed on 40 out-patients with ADHD to check the criteria and concurrent validity of the DIVA 2.0 compared with the CAADID. Results: The DIVA 2.0 interview showed a diagnostic accuracy of 100% when compared with the diagnoses obtained with the CAADID interview. The concurrent validity demonstrated good correlations with three self-reported rating scales: the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS; r = .544, p < .0001), the ADHD-Rating Scale ( r = .720, p < .0001), and Sheehan’s Dysfunction Inventory ( r = .674, p < .0001). Conclusion: The DIVA 2.0 is a reliable tool for assessing and diagnosing Adult ADHD and is the only one that offers free online access for clinical and research purposes.

Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorders in DSM-IV: Scientific Basis and Implications for Education

1993 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith McBurnett ◽  
Benjamin B. Lahey ◽  
Linda J. Pfiffner
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Symptom List

The category of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) have undergone numerous revisions. The history of these revisions is briefly presented, followed by a summary of results of the Field Trials for the forthcoming fourth edition, the DSM-IV, regarding ADHD. The revised symptom list and empirical determination of symptom cutpoints resulted in increased reliability and predictive validity for educational impairment, as operationalized by measures of academic productivity and accuracy, for the new criteria. Three subtypes emerged, including a new subtype of predominantly hyperactive. The relevance, functions, and limitations of DSM-IV diagnosis for educational assessment of ADHD are discussed.

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