Construct validity of cognitive reserve in a multiethnic cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study

AbstractCognitive reserve is a hypothetical construct that has been used to inform models of cognitive aging and is presumed to be indicative of life experiences that may mitigate the effects of brain pathology. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of cognitive reserve by examining both its convergent and its discriminant validity across three different samples of participants using structural equation modeling. The cognitive reserve variables were found to correlate highly with one another (thereby providing evidence of convergent validity), but demanding tests of discriminant validity indicated that, in two of the samples, the cognitive reserve construct was highly related to an executive functioning construct. (JINS, 2009, 15, 558–569.)

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Impact of environmental belief and nature-based destination image on ecotourism attitude

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights ◽

10.1108/jhti-03-2020-0027 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 489-505

Author(s):

Chi Nguyen Thi Khanh ◽

Le Thai Phong

Keyword(s):

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Time Perspective ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Destination Image ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Positive Effects ◽

The Impact

PurposeThis study examines the direct and indirect impact of environmental belief, nature-based destination image and time perspective on tourist attitude towards ecotourism.Design/methodology/approachData was collected through a structured questionnaire survey conducted in Vietnam. The dataset consists of 479 valid responses by Vietnamese tourists. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to test the causal relationships among time perspective, environmental belief, nature-based destination and ecotourism attitude. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is conducted to verify the reliability and validity of each latent construct, and to evaluate the discriminant validity, convergent validity, composition reliability and average variance extracted (AVE) for the latent constructs.FindingsThis study finds statistically significant and positive effects of time perspective, environmental belief and nature-based destination image on ecotourism attitude. The results also indicate that environmental belief is found to have statistically significant effects both direct and indirect on ecotourism attitude; its indirect effect is transmitted through nature-based destination image. Our findings demonstrate empirically that tourists are mainly attracted by natural environment sites and that tourists having environmental beliefs are likely to engage in ecotourism than other types of tourism by first influencing their attitude.Research limitations/implicationsOne limitation is associated with our measurement method, which relies on respondents’ self-ratings of their activities. Second, our study is based on internal consistency assessments for establishing construct reliability and validity, which might be the problem of measurement misspecification in tourism research and hinder us to adequately capture the dynamic nature of the variables and the underlying relationships. Third, the survey is conducted in one specific ecotourism nation like Vietnam, and thus, the findings must also be explained in this case.Practical implicationsPolicymakers need to pay careful attention to the planning and conservation of local resources, as well as infrastructure, for ecotourism development. Moreover, the management of eco-site needs to maintain ecology properly, provide an authentic ecotourism experience to improve ecotourism destination. Otherwise, ecotourism operators should focus on marketing strategies to increase traditional and natural values and promote eco-friendly social standards for fostering demand.Originality/valueThis study examines an integrated model analyzing the impact of time perspective, environmental belief and nature-based destination on tourist attitude towards ecotourism. This study reveals the understanding of how individuals’ view towards belief in environment and location image, influences their attitude to engage in ecotourism. The study provides several implications for practice.

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Reflection on success and failures: scale development and validation

Journal of Workplace Learning ◽

10.1108/jwl-07-2020-0117 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (8) ◽

pp. 615-626

Author(s):

Makoto Matsuo

Keyword(s):

Positive Psychology ◽

Work Engagement ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Future Research ◽

Content Type ◽

Strengths Use ◽

Wide Range

Purpose Although positive psychology emphasizes the importance of reflecting on success in promoting strengths use and self-efficacy, no research has developed a measure of reflection on success. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the scales for reflection on success and failures. Design/methodology/approach Study 1 was conducted to extract the dimensions of reflection on success and failures using survey data from nurses (n = 298), whereas Study 2 involved validation of the scales using a two-wave survey of physical therapists (n = 291). Findings In Study 1, the factors of “reflection on success” and “reflection on failures” were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2, the discriminant validity of the two scales was established via confirmatory factor analyses. The structural equation modeling results indicated that reflection on success promoted work authenticity, work engagement and strengths use, while reflection on failures only promoted work engagement, indicating the convergent validity of the scales. Research limitations/implications As the research subjects were medical professionals in Japan, the scales need to be validated with samples from a wide range of occupations and cultural backgrounds, in future research. Originality/value The present research expands the literature on reflection and strengths-based approach by introducing the “success–failures” dimension based on positive psychology, broaden-and-build theory and job demands–resources theory.

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Evaluating the Construct Validity of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment ◽

10.1177/0734282916652756 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 633-638 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hsien-Yuan Hsu ◽

Tze-Li Hsu ◽

KoFan Lee ◽

Lori Wolff

Keyword(s):

Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Measurement Models

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB) using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). The data were drawn from the national survey of Midlife in the United States conducted during 1994 and 1995. Measurement models assuming different number of factors (1-6 factors) and considering the effect of negatively wording items were specified and compared to determine optimal number of underlying factors. The discriminant validity was assessed following Farrell’s suggestions. The results showed the discriminant validity was questionable due to five indicators with considerable cross-loadings.

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Individual differences in avoiding feelings of disgust: Development and construct validity of the disgust avoidance questionnaire

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0248219 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0248219

Author(s):

Paula von Spreckelsen ◽

Nienke C. Jonker ◽

Jorien Vugteveen ◽

Ineke Wessel ◽

Klaske A. Glashouwer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Factor Model ◽

Self Report ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Future Research ◽

Cognitive Avoidance ◽

Behavioral Avoidance

We developed and examined the construct validity of the Disgust Avoidance Questionnaire (DAQ) as a measure of people’s inclination to prevent experiencing disgust (disgust prevention) and to escape from the experience of disgust (disgust escape). In a stepwise item-reduction (Study 1; N = 417) using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) based on a 4-subscale distinction (behavioral prevention, cognitive prevention, behavioral escape, cognitive escape), we selected 17 items from a pool of potential items. In order to incorporate the conceptual overlap between dimensions of disgust avoidance, focus (prevention vs. escape), and strategy (behavioral avoidance vs. cognitive avoidance), we specified an adapted model. In this model, we allowed each item to load on one type of dimension and one type of strategy, resulting in four overlapping factors (prevention, escape, behavioral avoidance, cognitive avoidance). Evaluation of this overlapping 4-factor model (Study 2; N = 513) using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed promising model fit indices, factor loadings, factor correlations, and reliability estimates for three of the four factors (prevention, behavioral avoidance, cognitive avoidance). Those three subscales also showed good convergent validity. In contrast, the results related to the escape factor may call the suitability of self-report to assess disgust escape into question. In light of the exploratory nature of the project, future examinations of the DAQ’s validity and applicability to more diverse samples are essential. A critical next step for future research would be to examine the DAQ’s criterion validity and the distinctive roles of the DAQ subscales in (clinical) psychological constructs and processes.

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The Work Gratitude Scale: Development and Evaluation of a Multidimensional Measure

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.795328 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Carolyn M. Youssef-Morgan ◽

Llewellyn E. van Zyl ◽

Barbara L. Ahrens

Keyword(s):

Measurement Invariance ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

The United States ◽

Second Order ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

First Order ◽

Multidimensional Measure

This study explores gratitude as a multidimensional and work-specific construct. Utilizing a sample of 625 employees from a variety of positions in a medium-sized school district in the United States, we developed and evaluated a new measure, namely the Work Gratitude Scale (WGS), which encompasses recognized conative (intentional), cognitive, affective, and social aspects of gratitude. A systematic, six-phased approach through structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore and confirm the factorial structure, internal consistency, measurement invariance, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity of the WGS. The results supported a 10-item measure with three dimensions: “grateful appraisals” (three items), “gratitude toward others” (four items), and “intentional attitude of gratitude” (three items). Thereafter, first-order, second-order, and bifactor confirmatory models were estimated and compared. Work gratitude was found to be best described by a second-order construct with three underlying first-order dimensions. Measurement invariance was supported in relation to gender. Concurrent validity was supported in relation to two existing dispositional gratitude scales, namely the Gratitude Questionnaire and the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Scale (GRAT). Convergent validity was supported in relation to the Core Self-Evaluations Scale (CSES) and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire. Discriminant validity was supported in relation to various demographic factors such as age, gender, occupation, and tenure. The findings support the WGS as a multidimensional measure that can be used in practice to measure overall work-related gratitude and to track the effectiveness of gratitude-related workplace interventions.

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Corporate social responsibility and business ethics: conceptualization, scale development and validation

Journal of Product & Brand Management ◽

10.1108/jpbm-11-2018-2113 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (4) ◽

pp. 431-439

Author(s):

Dana E. Harrison ◽

O.C. Ferrell ◽

Linda Ferrell ◽

Joe F. Hair, Jr

Keyword(s):

Corporate Social Responsibility ◽

Business Ethics ◽

Social Responsibility ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Content Type ◽

Initial Item ◽

Corporate Social

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to theoretically develop and empirically validate separate scales that represent a consumer’s expectations of business ethics (BE) and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Design/methodology/approach A literature review and qualitative research were conducted to generate items for the scales. Initial item reduction was performed qualitatively based on a panel of experts. A follow-up quantitative assessment using an exploratory factor analysis further reduced the items. The scales were then validated using confirmatory composite analysis with partial least squares-structural equation modeling. Findings Separate scales representing consumers’ expectations of BE and CSR behaviors were developed. The scales exhibited reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity and external validity. Practical implications The separation of these scales into two components will facilitate more precise examination of consumer perceptions of these two components of product and brand images, and how they may impact brand attitudes and brand trust. Originality/value This is the first effort to develop separate scales for consumer expectations of ethics and CSR, and assess their impact on brand outcomes.

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A Critical Analysis of the WAQ: The Development of a Korean Form

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/0033294120959779 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 003329412095977

Author(s):

Sudol Kang

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Panel Study ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Reliability Coefficient ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Main Body ◽

Economic Sectors

The current study aimed to develop a simplified version of the Korean Workaholism Scale (KOWS) by determining the reliability and validity of the Workaholism Analysis Questionnaire (WAQ) initially created by Aziz et al. The original scale of the WAQ was translated into Korean and then administered to 4,242 working people from a broad range of economic sectors. The nation-wide sample was a representative one from the 17th wave Korean Labor and Income Panel Study in 2014. The main body comprises two steps. First, through an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) as well as a reliability analysis, along with content validity examination among experts, thirteen items from the original WAQ were eliminated. The EFA yielded a four-factor solution with four items established in compulsive dependency (CD), four in illusion of control (IC), four in endurance of conflicts (EC), and four in withdrawal symptoms (WS). This process provided a succinct and convenient measure of workaholism, the KOWS with 16 items. The reliability coefficient (α) of the new scale was .90, and the split-half reliability coefficient was .72. Secondly, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed by way of structural equation modeling to validate the new construct. This KOWS showed adequate convergent validity (AVE > .5), construct reliability (CR > .7), as well as discriminant validity (AVE > ρ2). Between four subscales of the KOWS and affective commitment (AC) to organizations there proved meager correlation. In conclusion, the KOWS with 16-item psychometric properties is a valid and reliable tool to measure workaholism in South Korea.

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Consumers' Stickiness to Mobile Payment Applications

Journal of Database Management ◽

10.4018/jdm.2018070103 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 43-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elizabeth D. Matemba ◽

Guoxin Li ◽

Baraka J. Maiseli

Keyword(s):

Social Influence ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Chinese Culture ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Diffusion Of Technology ◽

Special Events ◽

The Common

WeChat wallet incorporates compelling features facilitating users to conduct financial transactions more conveniently. The authors' survey discovered that most users appreciate WeChat wallet services. Previous studies, however, inadequately address critical factors that motivate consumers' stickiness to this promising technology. Scholars concentrate only on the technological features and considers societal traditional practices. This work establishes a psychometric theoretical model that integrates novel constructs, which balances technological features and traditional values, predicting WeChat wallet customers' stickiness. To this end, a questionnaire, with Likert scale items, was administered to 450 Chinese and foreigners in China. The authors measured their model's reliability and validity using composite reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The study applied the common latent factor approach to test the common method bias. Structural equation modeling and SPSS were used for data analysis. The study reveals that perceived availability of merchant support, convenience, social influence, and red envelope (traditional Chinese culture for sharing monetary values during festivals and special events) preference promote consumers' stickiness behaviors to WeChat wallet. In addition, perceived security insignificantly moderates the relationships between convenience/social influence and consumers' stickiness. This study gives scholars an important research avenue to explore further the relationships between traditions and diffusion of technology.

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Validity and Reliability Testing on Train Driver Performance Model Using a PLS Approach

Advanced Engineering Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.10.361 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 361-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jalil Azlis-Sani ◽

Siti Zawiah Md. Dawal ◽

Zakuan Norhayati Mohmad

Keyword(s):

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Performance Model ◽

Partial Least Square ◽

Least Square ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Driver Performance ◽

Train Driver

The purpose of this paper is to explain the assessment of validity and reliability of measured items used in survey research. The structural equation modeling techniques and Partial Least Square (PLS) will be adopted to assess the goodness of measures of constructs used in a model to examine the performance of the Malaysian train drivers. The measurement process involves assessment of construct validity of the items and followed by convergent validity. Then, the composite reliability was assessed with internal consistency measure of Cronbachs alpha. Lastly, discriminant validity was tested to assess the validity of the measurement. The constructs are not supposed to measure other constructs or overlapping constructs.

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Validation and measurement invariance of the Occupational Depression Inventory in South Africa

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0261271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0261271

Author(s):

Carin Hill ◽

Leon T. de Beer ◽

Renzo Bianchi

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Measurement Invariance ◽

South African ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Age Groups ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Modeling Analysis ◽

African Context

This study aimed to validate the recently developed Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) in South Africa. A total of 327 employees (60% female) participated in the study. Bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling analysis indicated that the ODI can be considered essentially unidimensional. The ODI displayed strong scalability (e.g., scale-level H = 0.657). No monotonicity violation was detected. The reliability of the instrument, as indexed by Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega-total, Guttman’s λ2, and the Molenaar-Sijtsma statistic, was highly satisfactory. Measurement invariance was observed across age groups, sexes, and ethnicities, as well as between our sample and the ODI’s original validation sample. As expected, the ODI showed both a degree of convergent validity and a degree of discriminant validity vis-à-vis a measure of “cause-neutral” depressive symptoms. Moreover, the ODI manifested substantial associations, in the anticipated directions, with measures of work engagement, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Overall, the ODI exhibited excellent structural and psychometric properties within the South African context. Consistent with previous research, this study suggests that occupational health specialists can confidently rely on the ODI to investigate job-related distress.

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