scholarly journals Diagnosing Symptomatic HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Self-Report Versus Performance-Based Assessment of Everyday Functioning

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Blackstone ◽  
D.J. Moore ◽  
R.K. Heaton ◽  
D.R. Franklin ◽  
S.P. Woods ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dual Method ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Functionally Impaired ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

AbstractThree types of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) exist that are distinguished by presence and severity of impairment in cognitive and everyday functioning. Although well-validated neurocognitive measures exist, determining impairment in everyday functioning remains a challenge. We aim to determine whether Self-Report measures of everyday functioning are as effective in characterizing HAND as Performance-Based measures. We assessed 674 HIV-infected participants with a comprehensive neurocognitive battery; 233 met criteria for a HAND diagnosis by having at least mild neurocognitive impairment. Functional decline was measured via Self-Report and Performance-Based measures. HAND diagnoses were determined according to published criteria using three approaches to assess functional decline: (1) Self-Report measures only, (2) Performance-Based measures only, and (3) Dual-method combining Self-Report and Performance-Based measures. The Dual-method classified the most symptomatic HAND, compared to either singular method. Singular method classifications were 76% concordant with each other. Participants classified as Performance-Based functionally impaired were more likely to be unemployed and more immunosuppressed, whereas those classified as Self-Report functionally impaired had more depressive symptoms. Multimodal methods of assessing everyday functioning facilitate detection of symptomatic HAND. Singular Performance-Based classifications were associated with objective functional and disease-related factors; reliance on Self-Report classifications may be biased by depressive symptoms. (JINS, 2012, 18, 79–88)

Concordance Between Self-Report and Performance-Based Measures of Everyday Functioning in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2124-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talia N. Shirazi ◽  
Angela C. Summers ◽  
Bryan R. Smith ◽  
Sally R. Steinbach ◽  
Suad Kapetanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

scholarly journals Script Generation of Activities of Daily Living in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cobb Scott ◽  
Steven Paul Woods ◽  
Ofilio Vigil ◽  
Robert K. Heaton ◽  
Igor Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Living ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

AbstractScript generation describes one's ability to produce complex, sequential action plans derived from mental representations of everyday activities. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on script generation performance. Sixty HIV+ individuals (48% of whom had HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders [HAND]) and 26 demographically comparable HIV- participants were administered a novel, standardized test of script generation, which required participants to verbally generate and organize the necessary steps for completing six daily activities. HAND participants evidenced significantly more total errors, intrusions, and script boundary errors compared to the HIV- sample, indicating difficulties inhibiting irrelevant actions and staying within the prescribed boundaries of scripts, but had adequate knowledge of the relevant actions required for each script. These findings are generally consistent with the executive dysfunction and slowing common in HAND and suggest that script generation may play a role in everyday functioning problems in HIV. (JINS, 2011, 17, 740–745)

scholarly journals Evidence for Neuropsychological Health Disparities in Black Americans with HIV Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Thompson ◽  
Ilex Beltran-Najera ◽  
Briana Johnson ◽  
Yenifer Morales ◽  
Steven Paul Woods
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Neurocognitive Impairments ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Objective: Black Americans are at high risk for HIV disease and associated morbidity. However, we know little about the neuropsychological impact and correlates of HIV disease among Black Americans. Methods: Participants included 40 Black persons with HIV (PWH), 83 White PWH, 28 Black HIV- and 64 White HIV- individuals. Neurocognition was measured with raw, sample-based z-scores from a clinical battery. Everyday functioning was assessed using self- and clinician-rated measures of cognitive symptoms and activities of daily living. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders were classified using the Frascati criteria. Results: We observed a significant three-way interaction between HIV, race, and domain on neurocognitive z-scores. This omnibus effect was driven by large effect size decrements in semantic memory and processing speed in Black PWH compared to the other groups. Black PWH participants also demonstrated higher frequencies of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders as compared to White PWH. Unexpectedly, global neurocognition was negatively related to everyday functioning for White PWH, but not for Black PWH. Conclusions: Systemic disadvantages for Black Americans may combine with HIV disease to compound some neurocognitive impairments in this vulnerable population. Prospective studies are needed to identify better ways to prevent and manage HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders among Black Americans.

Musculoskeletal Pain and Injury in Professional Orchestral Musicians in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronwen Ackermann ◽  
Tim Driscoll ◽  
Dianna T Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Experienced Pain ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Orchestral Musicians ◽  
The Right

This paper reports on the major findings from the questionnaire component of a cross-sectional survey of the musicians in Australia’s eight fulltime professional symphonic and pit orchestras, focusing on performance-related musculoskeletal disorders (PRMDs). METHODS: All musician members of the orchestras participating in this project were invited to complete a self-report survey. The overall response rate was about 70% (n = 377). In addition to general health and experience questions, respondents who reported a current or previous PRMD were asked to report on a range of associated factors. RESULTS: Of the participants, 84% had experienced pain or injuries that had interfered either with playing their instrument or participating in normal orchestral rehearsals and performances. Fifty percent reported having such pain or injury at the time of the survey, mostly with disorders perceived by the musicians to be work-related. Twenty-eight percent had taken at least 1 day off from work for such pain in the previous 18 months. The most common broad sites affected were the trunk (primarily the back), the right upper limb and neck, the left upper limb and neck, and the neck alone, but the relative proportions varied by instrument. Of those musicians who reported at least one episode of pain or injury in the past, less than 50% reported that they had completely recovered. The most commonly cited performance-related factors that had contributed to injury or pain all related to training and playing load (including practice and performance). CONCLUSION: This study provides strong evidence that PRMDs are a common complaint in professional orchestral musicians and identifies a range of factors suggested as contributing to the occurrence or persistence of these disorders.

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