scholarly journals Script Generation of Activities of Daily Living in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cobb Scott ◽  
Steven Paul Woods ◽  
Ofilio Vigil ◽  
Robert K. Heaton ◽  
Igor Grant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Living ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

AbstractScript generation describes one's ability to produce complex, sequential action plans derived from mental representations of everyday activities. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on script generation performance. Sixty HIV+ individuals (48% of whom had HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders [HAND]) and 26 demographically comparable HIV- participants were administered a novel, standardized test of script generation, which required participants to verbally generate and organize the necessary steps for completing six daily activities. HAND participants evidenced significantly more total errors, intrusions, and script boundary errors compared to the HIV- sample, indicating difficulties inhibiting irrelevant actions and staying within the prescribed boundaries of scripts, but had adequate knowledge of the relevant actions required for each script. These findings are generally consistent with the executive dysfunction and slowing common in HAND and suggest that script generation may play a role in everyday functioning problems in HIV. (JINS, 2011, 17, 740–745)

scholarly journals Evidence for Neuropsychological Health Disparities in Black Americans with HIV Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Thompson ◽  
Ilex Beltran-Najera ◽  
Briana Johnson ◽  
Yenifer Morales ◽  
Steven Paul Woods
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Black Americans ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Neurocognitive Impairments ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Objective: Black Americans are at high risk for HIV disease and associated morbidity. However, we know little about the neuropsychological impact and correlates of HIV disease among Black Americans. Methods: Participants included 40 Black persons with HIV (PWH), 83 White PWH, 28 Black HIV- and 64 White HIV- individuals. Neurocognition was measured with raw, sample-based z-scores from a clinical battery. Everyday functioning was assessed using self- and clinician-rated measures of cognitive symptoms and activities of daily living. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders were classified using the Frascati criteria. Results: We observed a significant three-way interaction between HIV, race, and domain on neurocognitive z-scores. This omnibus effect was driven by large effect size decrements in semantic memory and processing speed in Black PWH compared to the other groups. Black PWH participants also demonstrated higher frequencies of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders as compared to White PWH. Unexpectedly, global neurocognition was negatively related to everyday functioning for White PWH, but not for Black PWH. Conclusions: Systemic disadvantages for Black Americans may combine with HIV disease to compound some neurocognitive impairments in this vulnerable population. Prospective studies are needed to identify better ways to prevent and manage HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders among Black Americans.

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Letendre ◽  
Jennifer Iudicello ◽  
Beau Ances ◽  
Thomas D. Marcotte ◽  
Serena Spudich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the central nervous system soon after infection; can infect glia and tissue macrophages in the brain; and can injure neurons, resulting in loss of dendrites. These and other processes underpin a syndrome of cognitive and motor impairment termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). This chapter principally focuses on HAND, although delirium and other neurocognitive disorders are also discussed and should remain in the differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment in persons with HIV. A differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment in HIV also includes multimorbid conditions that can influence neurocognitive performance, such as metabolic syndrome, vascular disease, medication toxicity, and substance use disorders. When developing treatment recommendations for HAND, initiation of ART and treatment of multimorbid conditions and other neurocognitive disorders should be prioritized. It is important for clinicians to regularly monitor HIV patients for HAND and other neurocognitive disorders since cognitive impairment can affect activities of daily living; quality of life; adherence to risk reduction, medical care, and medication; and survival.

scholarly journals Diagnosing Symptomatic HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Self-Report Versus Performance-Based Assessment of Everyday Functioning

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Blackstone ◽  
D.J. Moore ◽  
R.K. Heaton ◽  
D.R. Franklin ◽  
S.P. Woods ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dual Method ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Functionally Impaired ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

AbstractThree types of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) exist that are distinguished by presence and severity of impairment in cognitive and everyday functioning. Although well-validated neurocognitive measures exist, determining impairment in everyday functioning remains a challenge. We aim to determine whether Self-Report measures of everyday functioning are as effective in characterizing HAND as Performance-Based measures. We assessed 674 HIV-infected participants with a comprehensive neurocognitive battery; 233 met criteria for a HAND diagnosis by having at least mild neurocognitive impairment. Functional decline was measured via Self-Report and Performance-Based measures. HAND diagnoses were determined according to published criteria using three approaches to assess functional decline: (1) Self-Report measures only, (2) Performance-Based measures only, and (3) Dual-method combining Self-Report and Performance-Based measures. The Dual-method classified the most symptomatic HAND, compared to either singular method. Singular method classifications were 76% concordant with each other. Participants classified as Performance-Based functionally impaired were more likely to be unemployed and more immunosuppressed, whereas those classified as Self-Report functionally impaired had more depressive symptoms. Multimodal methods of assessing everyday functioning facilitate detection of symptomatic HAND. Singular Performance-Based classifications were associated with objective functional and disease-related factors; reliance on Self-Report classifications may be biased by depressive symptoms. (JINS, 2012, 18, 79–88)

The Impact of Semantic Dementia on Everyday Actions: Evidence from an Ecological Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Bier ◽  
Carolina Bottari ◽  
Carol Hudon ◽  
Sven Joubert ◽  
Guillaume Paquette ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
Semantic Dementia ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Everyday Problem ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Normal Controls

AbstractIn theory, semantic memory may trigger and support the execution of everyday activities. This study explored this question by comparing three patients with semantic dementia to 40 normal controls performing different everyday activities. Participants were tested in their home using the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Profile, an ecological measure of everyday functioning. Participants were informed that they had unknowingly invited two guests for lunch and should prepare accordingly. With these instructions, they dress to go outdoors, go to the grocery store, shop for food, prepare a hot meal, have the meal with the guests, and clean up after the meal. Performance was analyzed on the basis of four operations related to problem solving: formulate a goal, plan, execute, and verify attainment of the goal. Results indicate that compared to normal controls, two patients had significant difficulties and needed assistance with all operations of problem-solving, particularly while preparing a meal and cleaning up after the meal. One patient showed no difficulties despite severe semantic deficits. These results suggest that semantic deficits alone cannot explain the difficulties observed, but may contribute to some aspects of everyday actions such as those involved in everyday problem-solving. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–11)

scholarly journals HIV associated neurocognitive disorders

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1S) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhou ◽  
Nitin K. Saksena
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is associated with the development of neurocognitive disorders in many infected individuals, including a broad spectrum of motor impairments and cognitive deficits. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is still not clear. This review provides a comprehensive view of HAND, including HIV neuroinvasion, HAND diagnosis and different level of disturbances, influence of highly-active antiretroviral therapy to HIV-associated dementia (HAD), possible pathogenesis of HAD, etc. Together, this review will give a thorough and clear understanding of HAND, especially HAD, which will be vital for future research, diagnosis and treatment.

Concordance Between Self-Report and Performance-Based Measures of Everyday Functioning in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2124-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talia N. Shirazi ◽  
Angela C. Summers ◽  
Bryan R. Smith ◽  
Sally R. Steinbach ◽  
Suad Kapetanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
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